John F. Kennedy A Life of Abundance Before He Became...

The dictionary meaning of a leader is someone who leads or commands a group, organization, or country. John F. Kennedy was known as a great leader and he was also known throughout the world for his heroic deeds. John F. Kennedy’s Assassination was a huge milestone in the past half century and it has affected many American lives. John F. Kennedy lived an abundant life including his younger years, his years in Congress, and his final days as President of the United States. John Fitzgerald Kennedy, also known as Jack, was born on May 29, 1917 in Brooklyn, Massachusetts. John was named after his grandfather, John â€Å"Honeyfitz† Fitzgerald, who was the mayor of Boston. He was born to a wealthy family. His father, Joseph Kennedy, was a businessman and a politician. Joseph was the head of the SEC and an Ambassador to Great Britain. His mother, Rose Fitzgerald, was a Boston socialite. John was the second oldest of nine brothers and sisters. He had one older brother, Joseph a nd a younger brother, Edward Kennedy. His four sisters, Rose, Kathleen, Eunice, Patricia and Jean Kennedy, were all younger than him. When John was only a young child he became very ill. He was given the last-rite five different times, one of them being when he was only a new born. He was in and out of the hospital for the first eight years of his life. For the first four years of his schooling, he went to three different schools: Edward Devotion School, Noble and Greenough Lower School, and Dexter School. ForShow MoreRelatedSpecial Speech : The Avengers967 Words   |  4 PagesBethune, Cesar Chavez, John F. Kennedy, Martin Luther King Jr., and Eleanor Roosevelt each used the power to dream to break barriers and create social change. Everyone in this room has the power to dream, and that is greater than any superpower. The birth of a dream is like a cycle. First you live. You must live through the abundance, the depravity, the easy times, the hard times, the trials, the triumphs, a nd the fails. Why? To shape your character and discover desires out of life, not just for yourselfRead MoreLyndon Baines Johnson1420 Words   |  6 Pagesof such a legendary president, the country was in a state of disarray. Rights as a whole were virtually non-existent. The country was extremely lacking in the health department. As a whole, the United States was losing people to poverty, it seemed, by the minute. Most importantly, however, racism and the limited power of black people was alive and well. Lyndon Baines Johnson changed that. He and his seven year long program, the Great Society, would change the aspect and the life of the minority foreverRead MoreWomen in the 20th Century1684 Words   |  7 Pages The 1960’s was a time period in the United States history that saw an abundance of change for the American people. One of the many changes was the â€Å"sexual revolution†, which mainly focused on women. Not only did it focus on the sexual liberation of women, but also the attitude towards women in corporate America. The sexual revolution was a major turning point on how women were perceived in public, media, and politics. Throughout the 20th century women had become a political presence. They foughtRead MorePresident Lyndon B. Johnson1370 Words   |  6 Pagesone president that is phenomenal is Lyndon Baines Johnson. Lyndon has changed society from 1963 to 1969, with his Great Society Programs, Civils Rights Act, and many more that has impacted society since he came to office. Johnson was born in August 1908 Stonewall, Texas and died in Stonewall, Texas in January 1973, he was the 36th president, married to Lady Bird Johnson. LBJ succeeded by Richard Nixon. He was Vice President under JFK, John F. Kennedy, from 1961 to 1963 then became president in 1963Read MoreCommunism, Democracy, And Capitalism3017 Words   |  13 PagesIdeology â€Å"Mankind must put an end to war or war will put an end to mankind.† John F. Kennedy, September 25, 1961 The cold war was a violent clashing of ideology, communism was battling with democracy. It was one of the most emotionally charged war, and time, in American, and possible the globes history. There was great fear of a global nuclear conflict, that would leave thousands dead, and essentially ending the world as we had ever know it. I will cover the history that is the cold war, and delveRead MoreCapitalism And The Economic System Essay1766 Words   |  8 Pagesbusiness owners. No matter where you start in life or what your gender, race, and political views are; Capitalism gives everyone an opportunity to make it big. The United State’s economy became predominately capitalist by the 19th century after the death of Feudalism. The second half of the 19th century marks the fastest economic growth in American history. There was a rapid rise of production, wages, and personal health. By the 20th century America became a thriving superpower whose industrial andRead MoreThe Civil Rig hts Movement Essay2043 Words   |  9 PagesJohnson: Savior of the Civil Rights Movement? The Civil Rights Movement and President Johnson are closely linked in history. Though there were many other faces to the Civil Rights Movement, Johnson’s was one of the most publicly viewed and instrumental in its passing. It was Johnson who carried the weight and responsibilities of the issue after the assassination of JFK, and it was he who would sign it. Lyndon B Johnson was the most influential forces in establishing the movement that would ensureRead MoreFranklin Delano Roosevelt and His New Deal Essay2319 Words   |  10 Pageseconomic depression experienced by the American people. Never before in the history of the United States has pessimism been so universal. The descent from the height of prosperity of the late 1920s had been rapid, bringing fear and uncertainty. By March 1932 approximately 12 million men and women were unemployed. By March 1933 unemployment had reached 13.5 million. In the hard-hit cities, long lines of hungry people waited before charity soup kitchens for something to eat, and thousands unableRead MoreThe Origin Of Life Terrestrial Or Extraterrestrial Essay2050 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction There is no one universally accepted paradigm for the origin of life. Rather, there are two competing schools of thought that debate the question: Was the origin of life terrestrial or extraterrestrial? Both of these theories recognize that life must have been synthesized under natural conditions, that molecules organized themselves into the first molecular system, that atmospheric oxygen and ozone were rare, and that electrical activity may have produced monomers. The scientificRead MoreSurveillance Of U.s. Citizens2879 Words   |  12 Pagesdata and keeps surveillance on the U.S. to prevent and detect possible threats. This organization now joined with the CSS, Central Security service, according to the shared website has been partnered together since 1972. And they are stronger than before and now is a informant to Department of Defense, the Intelligence Community, government agencies, industry partners, and select allies and coalition partners. This company is the juiciest p art of the peach because everyone depends on them not only

Public Education Essay - 1454 Words

Public education in the United States is perhaps one of the most critical issues we face as a nation. Once pronouncing the United States as a â€Å"nation at risk†, the educational institution began to implement one reform strategy after another. In efforts to improve schooling for K-12 students, education reform has fiddled with class size, revised graduation requirements, and created standardized testing just to name a few. Unfortunately, traditional public schools are still failing to provide students with a quality education. This is disheartening as we learn that the United States lags behind in math and science compared to our international counterparts. It is safe to say that educational reform has spent billions of dollars over the†¦show more content†¦A benefit of placing charter schools in a school district is school choice. Parents appear to support the option of deciding where their children attend school. According to Andy Smarick, â€Å"In New York, 12 ,000 students are on charter wait lists; in Massachusetts 19, 000; in Pennsylvania 27,000† (2008). Additionally, an Annual Survey of America’s Charter Schools 2010 notes that an average of 239 children is on a waiting list to enter each charter school in America, which is a 21% surge since last year (Center for Education Reform, 2010). These studies indicate the importance of school choice to parents and their desire to enroll their children in charter schools. Another example that shows parental demand for charter schools comes from The Evaluation of Charter School Impacts a study published in June 2009 by the United States Department of Education. The study showed parents of charter school students were more satisfied with their children’s academic achievement and social development compared to parents of students in traditional school setting. The study went on to state that eighty-five percent of charterShow MoreRelatedPublic Schooling And Public Education1497 Words   |  6 Pagesexponentially, the gap in the quality of public schooling rises with it. For a country that prides itself in prestigious outlets of education, the system of public schooling seems to be miserably failing. Public education, a system that some fight to destroy while others fight to preserve, is perhaps the only source of academic opportunity for many individuals living in this country. The fact that someone can live in a certain area and receive a higher quality of public education than someone else living in aRead MoreThe Education Of The Public Education763 Words   |  4 PagesAbstract Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) curriculum in schools is undergoing a revolution in public education. This revolution is sparked by an increase in federal funding over the last decade. Between the years of 2011 and 2015, the federal government alone invested between three and 3.7 billion dollars yearly for STEM education (Johnson, 2012) (White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, 2014) and new STEM educational instructional strategies (Bruce-Dacis, GubbinsRead MorePublic Education System For Education1688 Words   |  7 PagesIt is every child’s right to have access to a public education system that will provide quality education for success in life. Yet far today far too many children, especially those from poor and minority families, are limited to at risk by school systems with a lower quality of education while students in a low poverty community receive a higher quality of education. It is frustrating that even when socio-economic sta tuses are rapidly merging and changing that an educational achievement gap stillRead MoreThe Education System And Public Education945 Words   |  4 Pagespeople must take upon themselves the education of the whole people and be willing to bear the expenses of it. There should not be a district of one mile square, without a school in it, not founded by a charitable individual, but maintained at the public expense of the people themselves’† (Strauss). Our founding fathers wanted our nation to be an educated nation. There were many who believed that only a chosen should be educated, but there were those who saw education to be more pervasive. During theRead MorePublic Education in Texas804 Words   |  4 PagesPublic Education In Texas High quality education is a must in U.S. since it means that todays youth will be prepared with the knowledge needed to tackle our nations issues. When looking from state to state, you will notice how various states differ in how well they are able to educate students. Maryland was ranked number one in the nation by having a high grade point average amongst students and an equally high graduation rate. Texas on the other hand had the worst grade point average and graduationRead More Public Education Essay2873 Words   |  12 PagesPublic Education Governor Jeb Bush initiated the nations boldest voucher experiment in June of 1999 when he signed into law his Opportunity Scholarship Program. Florida is the first in the nation with a statewide plan allowing state-paid tuition for children in F graded schools to attend private schools or other non-failing schools. Opponents claim that giving parents the choice to use state education funds at private schools could end up bankrupting the public education system soRead MoreThe Fallacy Of Public Education1580 Words   |  7 PagesFallacy of Public Education â€Å"Do not train a child to learn by force or harshness; but direct them to it by what amuses their minds, so that you may be better able to discover with accuracy the peculiar bent of the genius of each.† -Plato For the last several decades, there has been a great return to homeschooling. Many families have seen the need to remove their children from the public education system for a variety of reasons: for religious grounds, because of a decline of morals in the public systemRead MorePrivate Education Vs. Public Education864 Words   |  4 PagesIt is often said that private education is superior to public education. I attended a private Christian school from grades Kindergarten through eighth. My father believed a private education would be the best option for me. Our class sizes were very small. Each grade level had around forty students, but we were split equally into two individual classes. The majority of the eighth grade class consisted of the same students that we started Kindergarten with. We had grown up together and helped oneRead MoreGraduation Speech : Education And Public Education972 Words   |  4 Pagesin America, the chances of one having received some form of general edu cation are high. Schools come in all shapes and sizes to accommodate the needs and preferences of parents and students; they can range between the extremes of religious to liberal arts and private to public education. In E.B. White’s â€Å"Education†, he describes his son’s shift from a city private school to a country public school. In contrast, the public education I received before entering college was very different from the experiencesRead MoreThe Public Education System Essays1072 Words   |  5 PagesThe Public Education System As we know that the examination system has come to be the main theme of modern education. Every one from his early child-hood should take endless examinations and succeed in passing them, before he could graduate from a college or university. As much importance has been

Change and Transformation for Transformational- MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theChange and Transformationfor Transformational Leadership. Answer: Schools whether public or private, are vital in the society. The students and teachers get to learn many lessons that impact their personal, academic and professional success. Often, however, the school does not provide an adequate and conducive environment for positive learning and working for the students and teachers (Leithwood, Sun Pollock, 2017). The environment and the climate setting of a school are important as it influences on the morale and success of the teachers and students. The leadership of a school is important in improving the outcomes of an institution as it affects the morale and capacity of teachers and ultimately influences on the environment of a school. If the leadership style practiced is authoritative where hierarchical authority is followed, there is likely to be adverse effects. Therefore, a more transformational leadership style that encourages a collaborative nature could be adopted to strengthen the school leadership and promote a positive environment for the school (Yang, 2014). Transformational leadership is involving and encourages motivation to help better those who follow. Teachers, students and relevant stakeholders to the school can adapt to this leadership style (Braun et al., 2016). Ultimately improving the outcomes and exerting control over the challenges experienced by the school. Transformational leadership brings about a positive effect on the school climate, morale and success of students and teachers (Roueche et al., 2014). Is it positive or negative? The change is positive. With authoritative and un-collaborative leadership, the morale and success of students and teachers are affected. Additionally, the climate setting of the school will be changed. A transformational leadership will promote a better environment and create a setting for better learning and work. A positive atmosphere will help teachers work feel more meaningful and develop instructional capacities (Braun et al., 2016). Planned/Unplanned Introducing the leadership change to the public school is not the proposed decision. The change will come about depending on the atmosphere of the school. In the case of an adverse climate setting of a school and environment which is not conducive to learning and working, then planning for a transformational change is important. Resistance to Change Resistance is not always wrong, bad or harmful. Sometimes accepting placidly may never bore well; rather opposition can bring positive outcomes. Although it may be perceived negatively, resistance is a normal response to change. Introducing a change will face a different reception. While I am not rigid to accepting change, sometimes it may pose difficulties adapting to change. Admitting modifications and transformations that affect my status may trigger resistance from within the self. However, if the change is introduced effectively in such a way that the effects will cause less or no harm to my status or work, then I will adapt and handle the change with high acceptance and less resistance. Introducing a change is likely to create uncertainty. The risk is critical to the adoption of change and transformation as it may bring about positive outcomes. Adapting to change is an urgent action to undertake rather that rejecting the change entirely. By changing the style of leadership to transformational, I would accept and adjust to the change with more ease as I have evaluated the cons and pros of such a change. I would be open to facing the important outcomes of the modification (Park, Lim Ju, 2016). Sources of Support through the Changes Introducing a change in a public school that intends to bring improvement will involve engaging educators, policymakers and researchers to raise student success and promote great public schools. While introducing the change in leadership style, many stakeholders need to be involved. The support from the teachers, students, staff, parents and the community as a whole is important as all these are stakeholders who are directly impacted by the environment and climate setting of the school. With input from all the relevant stakeholders, the school will become more confident and create a fair environment for learning and work for all involved parties (Bell Smith, 2017). Who will Resist and why When introducing the leadership change, there is likely to be resistance from different people at adopting and integrating the changing work environment. With the lack of collaboration and less positivity amongst the teachers and students in the school, gaining support and trust to implement the changes would prove difficult. There are often conflicts of interest and needs among many stakeholders, including parents, teachers, students, state, unions and district officials (Wang, Wilhite, Martino, 2016). The table below shows the differences between present state and future state. Table 1: Differences between current state and future state Current State Future State The leadership style is more authoritative Encourage adoption of a transformational leadership style The teachers and students are not collaborative Collaborative relationship with teachers are involved in decision making Low morale is faced by educators and students in the school Increased confidence by creating a conducive environment for learning and working Less active climate setting Optimism, hope, and energy is high Poor quality of teaching The quality of education is improved as teachers can make decisions. Low-performance Performance is improved Benefits and the Costs of the Change Changing leadership from an instructional or authoritative leadership to a more transformational leadership brings a lot of benefits to an organization and same applies to schools. Transformational leadership will help teachers develop and maintain a culture of collaboration and unity. It will also promote a personal and professional development of teachers. This type of leadership will assist the school community to solve problems with more integration and efficiently. Additionally, transformational leadership provides support and teacher recognition, encourages students and educators, inspires students to reach academic success and inspires them to look beyond self-interests. Steps to Implement the Change To apply the change, a few things need to be put into consideration. The first step to implementing the change is developing a personal change. Starting a change with oneself is important and efficient as it will help understand the concepts before introducing them to the other teachers and students. A second important step would be working with the students who face discipline problems. Transformational leadership is involving and inspires a positive change as it focuses on helping individuals become better and successful. Therefore, working with the students who are facing discipline problems would create a favorable environment to trying out the new change. A third step would be building a rapport amongst the teachers and develop a shared vision that aims to bring a collaborative environment (Hooper Bernhardt, 2016). Evaluating the Progress To monitor the progress, effective strategies for evaluating teacher quality and student performance is essential. There should be programs to engage in teacher monitoring and also promote teamwork among faculty and students. There also need to be practical tools for measuring the personal and professional development of faculty and academic success of students. Progress can also be monitored through setting goals and assessment processes and optimizes capacity to develop school goals and improve practice. Recognizing Success To experience the success of the change of leadership style, I will encourage motivation by reinforcing rather than punish, empower the teachers and students instead of overpowering them with authority and also emphasize collaboration and cooperation towards a shared goal rather than rule reinforcement. It is evident that the conditions under which teachers work and students learn impacts significantly on their morale and satisfaction. In environments where teachers feel supported, efforts recognized and have power to making decisions; success is adherent. Transformational leadership enhances positive change in a more energetic and passionate way (Ibrahim et al., 2014). As a teacher, I believe that by encouraging transformational leadership, will improve performance and satisfaction. Transformational leadership change is all genuine and supportive, and it will be successful because it will promote a healthy and positive vision for the future of the public school. The success of my school can set a precedence to be followed by other schools whether public or private schools (Elufiede Flynn, 2017). References Bell, L., Smith, P. (2017). Creatures That by a Rule in Nature Teach the Act of Order (Henry V Act 1 Scene 2): A Case Study of Sustainable Transformational Leadership in a Challenging School. In Building for a Sustainable Future in Our Schools (pp. 171-191). Springer International Publishing. Braun, S., Peus, C., Weisweiler, S., Frey, D. (2013). Transformational leadership, job satisfaction, and team performance: A multilevel mediation model of trust. The Leadership Quarterly, 24(1), 270-283. Elufiede, O. J., Flynn, B. B. (2017). Mentor the Leader: A Transformational Approach. Comprehensive Problem-Solving and Skill Development for Next-Generation Leaders, 188. Hooper, M. A., Bernhardt, V. L. (2016). Creating Capacity for Learning and Equity in Schools: Instructional, Adaptive, and Transformational Leadership. Routledge. Ibrahim, M. S., Ghavifekr, S., Ling, S., Siraj, S., Azeez, M. I. K. (2014). Can transformational leadership influence on teachers' commitment towards the organization, teaching profession, and students learn? A quantitative analysis. Asia Pacific Education Review, 15(2), 177-190. Leithwood, K., Sun, J., Pollock, K. (Eds.). (2017). How School Leaders Contribute to Student Success: The Four Paths Framework. Park, C. K., Lim, D. H., Ju, B. (2016). Transformational Leadership and Teacher Engagement in an International Context. In Handbook of Research on Global Issues in Next-Generation Teacher Education (pp. 22-42). IGI Global. Roueche, P. E., Baker III, G. A., Rose, R. R. (2014). Shared vision: Transformational leadership in American community colleges. Rowman Littlefield. Wang, N., Wilhite, S., Martino, D. (2016). Understanding the relationship between school leaders social and emotional competence and their transformational leadership: The importance of selfother agreement. Educational Management Administration Leadership, 44(3), 467-490. Yang, Y. (2014). Principals transformational leadership in school improvement. International Journal of Educational Management, 28(3), 279-288.

The Philippines Under the Spanish Colonial Regime free essay sample

Taxation Power of the state to impose and collect revenue for public purpose to promote the welfare of the people of a particular society 8 reales at first, then 10 reales in 1589, then 12 reales in 1851. Abolished in 1884 but replaced by a personal cedula tax based on the yearly income of the taxpayer. All citizens above 18 are required to pay the new tax. While the rational of taxation was premised on the support of public welfare like health and sanitation, public works, and safety of the natives, only a few were used for such purposes. Most went to corrupt Spanish civil officials, while some were spent on Spanish expeditions and maintenance of government offices. Forced Labor Called Polo, all male healthy and physically able between 16 and 60 were required to render service for 40 days. The labor force collected were used on construction projects and on the construction and manning of ships in the shipyards for the galleon trade The Filipino labourers, called polistas, received the same treatment as slaves and thus they begin to develop a strong distaste for manual labor re-enforcing the apparent tendency of Filipinos to be indolent. We will write a custom essay sample on The Philippines Under the Spanish Colonial Regime or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page One can be exempted from rendering forced labor by paying a fee called falla which only a few like the governadorcillos, canesa de brangay, and principalia can afford. The Tobacco Monopoly of Basco Established in 1781 by Jose Basco y Vargas Cultivation of Tobacco and its export came under government control and was confined in Nueva Ecija, Cagayan valley, Marinduque, and Ilocos provinces. Brought considerable profit to the government. Led to rampant abuses by government officials to the natives e. g. paying with unredeemable treasury notes, faking the quality of harvested tobacco to issue lower prices. Led to the decline of food production in some areas because farmers were compelled to plant tobacco only. The Galleon Trade Spanish authority closed trade relations with other countries and allowed only two countries, China and Mexico, to trade with the Philippines. From Manila to Acapulco, Mexico Manila became the distribution center of Chinese and other Oriental goods. Disrupted the growth and development of the Philippine economy because other European ships were barred from embarking their products in Manila. The clergy was a primary investor in the Galleon trade. The Obras Pias or pious works was a foundation where money from the trade was invested and appropriated. The profit was intended to be used on orphanages and other charitable institutions. The friars were powerful enough to burrow money from the Obras Pias and the gov’t without collateral and sometimes without paying back, resulting to bankruptcy. Gov. Fernando Manuel de Bustamante investigated the cause of the bankruptcy and urged the friars to pay back the money. He met his untimely death in 1719, allegedly at the hands of the friars. The Galleon trade served as a means of communication b/w Phils. , Mexico, and Spain and also saved the colony from undue exploitation because the Spanish authority was preoccupied with the trade. The Philippines under Spanish Colonial Regime (Part II) The Encomiendas Right given by the king of Spain to a Spaniard who had helped to facilitate the settlement of a territory. By implication, it was a public office and the person became known as a n encomiendero who: 1. Collects taxes from people under his jurisdiction 2. Was obliged to protect and defend the people under him 3. Help in the conversion of the natives to Catholicism The encomienderos abused their rights by forcing the natives to pay tributes beyond what the law prescribed. Natives who could not come to terms in the manner dictated by the encomiendero were brutally tortured or thrown into prison. Some humane ecclesiastic officials decided to inform the king of the unlawful activities out of pity. They were Domingo Salazar, 1st bishop of Manila, and Martin de rada, superior of the Augustinians in the Phils. Who condemned the encomienderos for the various violence and atrocities commited. Economic retrogression The Spaniards the Filipinos for their indolence, which was inherent of the Filipino character, their inability for learning, and their perceived congenital inferiority as Indios for the economic retrogression. Fathers Chirino and Antonio de Morga argued that the retrogression was caused by the gov’t’s imposition of numerous taxes and its utter insensitiveness to render service upon which taxes were instructed. They attested the the dev’t inagriculture, trade and industry, skills and ingenuity of the natives. Abolition of slavery Through the efforts of Bishop Domingo Salazar and various heads of religious orders to ask the king to abolish slavery. They signed a document accusing the Spaniards in the Phils. about the maltreatment of the Filipinos as slaves in the hands of the colonizers which was contrary to the laws of God and of the Indies. One of the administrative accomplishments done by Spain for the colony. King Philip II then issued the Royal Decree of Aug 9, 1589, emancipating all slaves in the colony. On Cultural Development The Spanish introduced lingua franca (Spanish language) to the colony but did not have a deliberate effort to propagate it â€Å"for the fear that the country may become Hispanized and ceased to be a monastic colony†. Natives might begin to understand and question arbitrary and questionable aspects of Spanish rule Only the wealthy and educated middle class learned to read and write in Spanish. Philippine lit. Were predominantly religious in tone, character, and moral quality. First book published in the country was Doctrina Christiana in 1593 via the printing press brought by the Dominican friars in the same year in Manila. Spanish missionaries trained Filipino trainers who were also engravers They include Tomas Pinpin of Mabatang, Abucay, Bataan, Siete Infantes de Lara, and Bernardo Carpio. Distinguished in Phil lit are: Jose dela Cruz (Husing Sisiw 1746-1829) and Francisco Baltazar (1789-1862) Painting and architecture are also focused on religion. Example is â€Å"Our Lady of the Rosary† a. k. a. â€Å"La Naval† carved by a pagan Chinese craftsman. 2 filipinos, Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo (silver medal, Christian virgins exposed) and Juan Luna (gold medal, Spoliarium) won in the Madrigal Exposition of Fine Arts. Philippines under the Spanish Regime (Part III) RELIGION -one of the important objectives of the Spanish colonizers was to spread Christianity. -the establishment of paxhispanica in the Philippines was hastened through the concerted efforts of the Spanish Missionaries. -with the help of the soldiers, missionaries easily conquered territories of the colony and converted the natives to Christianity. -the varios missionaries who used their religious influence were: Augustinians(1565), Franciscans (1577), Jesuits (1581), Dominicans(1587), and the Recollects(1606) SOCIAL RESULTS -Adoption of the Fiesta -Fiesta us a socio-religious event celebrating the feast day of a patron saint of a Catholic Town as an occasion of Thanksgiving for a bountiful harvest and other blessings. -These are exemplified by the colourful Ati-atihanMoriones festival and Obando, Bulacan fertility dance. -The fiesta was a costly social affair for it provided a horde of friends and strangers to temptation to avail some attractions of the celebration like gambling and cockfighting. -The Filipinos look forward every year for the fiesta as a popular and enduring social celebration for it provided the natives a brief respite from the hard of the year and afforded them the opportunity to renew their social affinity with relatives and friends. ARCHITECTURE -Many Philippine churches show influence of the baroque style, having massive walls, and thick buttress and spiral motifs, ornate sculpture facade, and graceful, curving balustrades. -San Augustin Church is the oldest church in the Philippines. -Stone houses of the well-to-do people were constructed in Spanish architectural style with the azotea and Andalucian courtyard. -The house of Dr. Jose Rizal in Calamba, Laguna typified the character of Spanish architecture. EDUCATION -Education in the Philippines during the Spanish era was not open to all Filipinos. -The Spanish government had absolutely no intention of training the natives for eventual independence and self-government. -Some schools were exclusively established for Spanish nationals and people who belonged to the upper social and economic class of society. -the educational system was controlled by the friars through different religious orders. -The preparation, planning, control and supervision of curricular programs the chief feature of which was religion to secularize the colony’s educational system were within the power and authority of the friars. -The University of Sto. Tomas, the oldest pontificialuniversity of the Philippines was founded by the Dominicans in 1611. -Colegio de San Juan de Letran(1601), Colegio de Sta. Potenciana(1589), Colegio de Sta. Isabel(1632), College of La Concordia(1869), and Assumption Convent(1892) -In 1863, the Spanish Government enacted and implemented an educational reform primarily designed to improve the state of education throughout the archipelago. -the decree provided for the establishment of at least one primary school for boys and one for girls in every town. -the decree also provided for the establishment of a normal school for male teachers under the supervision of the Jesuits and created a commission of eight members headed by the governor general. Instruction in the primary level for both boys and girls was free and the teaching of Spanish was compulsory. -While the government opened a higher level of education to the Filipinos, resulting in the emergence of the intelligentsia, a few years later, the Spaniards developed the fear that the natives will understand the value of education in relation to truth and fairness and they may in turn forment rebellion. ECONOMY -The abolition of the galleon trade in 1815 and the separation of Mexico from Spain made it necessary for the Spanish government to engage in trading relations with other countries. -The government also allowed foreign investors to establish residence in the Philippines. -Spain opened its ports in Manila and other parts of the country. -Foreign banking institutions and other lending and credit facilities were open. -The introduction of scientific farming through the use of new technology and other farm inputs accelerated agricultural production. -The removal of stringent restrictions on foreign trade became a big boost for the economy and enjoyed favourable balance of trade with Europe and neighbouring Asian countries. -Roads and bridges were built, shipping lines, inter-island and overseas were improved and communication systems were upgraded. -The opening of the Philippines to world trade and with the emergence of multifarious forces (scientific and technological, industrial, economic, social and political) resulted in economic changes and prosperity that improved the quality of life of the Filipinos.

APU Admissions - SAT Scores, Financial Aid More

APU Admissions - SAT Scores, Financial Aid More The acceptance rate at Alaska Pacific University was 55% in 2016; admitted students tend to have high school GPAs in the A and B range. Standardized test scores are not required, so applicants need not worry if their ACT or SAT scores are not ideal. Be sure to check the universitys admissions website to learn about the specific admission requirements for different academic programs.. Admissions Data (2016): Percent of Applicants Admitted: 55 percentTest Scores 25th / 75th PercentileSAT Critical Reading: - / -SAT Math: - / -What these SAT numbers meanACT Composite: - / -ACT English: - / -ACT Math: - / -What these ACT numbers mean Alaska Pacific University Description: Alaska Pacific University is the only four-year college in Alaska with selective admissions. Students can choose from eleven undergraduate majors and five graduate programs. The college takes pride in the close relationship between students and faculty, the hands-on approach to learning, and the high levels of student engagement. Academics are supported by a healthy 8 to 1 student / faculty ratio. If youre worried about attending such a small school with only a few hundred undergraduates, realize that the University of Alaska Anchorage and its 18,000 students is next door. Student life is active with a wide range of clubs and activities, and Alaskas rich landscape provides students with unlimited outdoor opportunities. The university recently dedicated the Thomas Training Center on Eagle Glacier, a place where the Nordic Ski Team trains during summer months. Alaska Pacific University is a member of the Eco League with four other small colleges that focus on sustainability:  College of the Atlantic,  Green Mountain College,  Northland College, and  Prescott College. Students can easily take a semester or two at one of these other schools. High school students  from Anchorage should look into APUs Early Honors program which allows them to take all of their senior year classes at Alaska Pacific and graduate from high school with a years worth of transferable college credit. Enrollment (2016): Total Enrollment: 541  (298 undergraduates)Gender Breakdown: 37  percent male / 63 percent female73  percent full-time Costs (2016 - 17): Tuition and Fees: $20,310Books: $1,220 (why so much?)Room and Board: $7,260Other Expenses: $4,900Total Cost: $33,690 Alaska Pacific University Financial Aid (2015- 16): Percentage of New Students Receiving Aid: 100 percentPercentage of New Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 97 percentLoans: 63 percentAverage Amount of AidGrants: $12,375Loans: $8,006 Academic Programs: Most Popular Majors:  Business Administration, Education, Marine Biology, Psychology Graduation and Retention Rates: First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 51 percentTransfer-out Rate: 27 percent4-Year Graduation Rate: 39 percent6-Year Graduation Rate: 48 percent DateSource: National Center for Educational Statistics If You Like Alaska Pacific University, You May Also Like These Schools: Students looking for a small (1,000 students) school on the West Coast/Pacific Northwest should also check out  Warner Pacific University, Northwest University, and  Alaska Bible College. Even without any varsity athletic programs, students at APU can get outside and enjoy hiking and skiing around the area. Other schools with great skiing clubs or teams include Colby College, Colorado College, Reed College, and Montana State University. APU and the Common Application Alaska Pacific University uses the Common Application. These articles can help guide you: Common Application essay tips and samplesShort answer tips and samplesSupplemental essay tips and samples

Production Department Essay Example

Production Department Essay Example Production Department Essay Production Department Essay AS 400 has helped Honda in developing a data warehouse which is stored on DB2. This data warehouse stores all the current and historical data of the organization. Therefore all the data, regardless of its source is consolidated and integrated in one database. For the convenience of each department in Honda, data marts are designed which are basically subsets of data in a data warehouse. These data marts ensure that specific information relevant to each department is readily available to them. The creation of data warehouse and data marts help the employees at different levels in decision making. A range of queries can be run which enable the concerned departments in extracting the required information. The information obtained helps in the generation of reports. SALES DEPARTMENT Honda has just started with its CRM system. It helps Honda with some of the after sales queries and surveys. This also helps to track down its customers. Even though system has been put forward but it’s not fully operated yet. The CRM for example is in a way used on its website. Even though Honda has its website, it is not being used for e-commerce or direct selling of cars. However, a customer can launch his complains here. He would have to submit his complain alongside the car’s bonnet number. With the help of their CRM system Honda will suggest the nearest Honda dealership center to the customer. Honda does not directly deals with its clients. The product distribution channel it chooses is through the car dealers as their middle person or agent. Dealers only work as commission agents and cannot therefore sell the cars on their own. When, a customer places an order at any of the Honda dealer’s showroom, the dealer will notify the Honda’s head office and sales department through e-mail or VPN about the order and its details like color and other features. The sales department generating the orders report will send it to the production department. When the orders are completed according to the information provided to them, the sales department generates the sales receipt and invoice as dealers cannot do it themselves. The receipt will contain the amount of commission to be given to the dealers added on to the car’s base price. The sales department interlinked with MIS, also uses it for generating reports like forecasted sales and trends. These sales forecasting helps them in setting pre-production targets and ordering supplies. The Honda Company orders its spare parts rather than manufacture it at its plant. It uses the system of N-3 or N-4 to order these parts needed for production either 3 or 4 months before, production takes place. This is the part of their SCM. The SCM is usually handled through e-mails with their suppliers. They use excel sheet as their basic ordering format, and use internet as their network of communication with them. APPLICATIONS FOR CUSTOMER RELATION MANAGEMENT A market information system employs procedures and practices to analyze and assess market information gathered from sources inside and outside a firm. Timely market information provides basis for decisions such as product development or improvement and helps a firm manage its customers in a better and efficient way. Honda also uses a web based application, Market Information System, developed on Cisco Systems. This again was in in-house development in mid 2009. Basic purpose of this application is Customer Relation Management (CRM). This is done by collecting customer data, generating reports based on this data and then further by analyzing these reports. MIS is installed at all Honda dealership outlets throughout Pakistan and is also accessible by the sales and marketing departments at the head office. The application is run using Honda’s Virtual Private Network (VPN). Functions of MIS 1. Main Screen: This is the homepage or the index screen after the user logs in using his/her ID for this application. It displays a list of all the activities such as: 1. Pending follow ups 2. Insurance renewals 3. Registration expiry 4. Upcoming customers’ birthdays and anniversaries A bulletin board on this index page consists of the latest news or notifications for sales staff and the dealerships. 1. Data Entry: This module is used to record all the information of any customer interaction i. e. in the form of walk-in, telephone call, sales visit, referral or email inquiry. First a customer interaction form is filled and then this data which consists of fields such as name, contact numbers, birthday, correspondence address and details of car history is entered into the MIS system and according to the customer type, individual or corporate a pink or white card is assigned respectively. How the card system works After the initial cards that are pink and white have been assigned, when a sale is made the operator saves the customer record as sold and converts these cards into yellow card by entering additional information. This clearly creates a distinction between follow up or deferred customers and those to whom a sale has been made. 1. Posting This option allows any operator to put up some information for others or make an announcement on the bulletin board. 1. Report Generation The Reports Menu can generate different reports showing detailed information for the period specified. It is used to drive the statistics of the issues stored in the database based on the required parameters. The following reports can be generated: 1. Follow up report 2. Customer birthday report 3. Customer marriage anniversary report 4. Staff activity report 5. Pending insurance Registration expiry report 1. Inquiries All customer records can be searched through their name, date of data entry, NTN number, NIC number, credit card data, and phone numbers using this data mining module. 1. DONet: To maintain after sales Customer Relation Management, Honda uses DONet. It enables smooth flow of information to the production department in case of any complaint. 1. Handles all the customer data to provide after sales service which includes repairs history, complete car maintenance records and the level of customer satisfaction on each visit to the dealership workshop. 2. In addition to these functions, DONet also maintains the inventory of spare parts and the level is maintained according to the customer demand.

Health Promotion in Nursing Care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Health Promotion in Nursing Care - Essay Example The first article by Ellenbecker, C., Bryne, K., O’Brien, E. & Rogosta (2001), tackled health promotion used to prevent diseases in the elderly. The sample population for this study is composed of elderly individuals who reside in a subsidized senior housing in Massachusetts (Ellenbecker, C. Bryne, K., O' Brien, E. & Rogosta, C., 2001, p. 9). On-site student nursing clinic were developed for the elderly to achieve improved health outcomes by making available health promotion and disease prevention services. The clinic’s activities involved outreach programs, screenings, influenza clinics and health education. Since the residents of this housing have a tendency to be isolated and are not aware of the nursing clinic’s healthcare services, the students decided to conduct outreach programs. Students go door-to-door and conduct home visits. Students may help the residents with their activities of daily living like bathing, cleaning, grooming, etc (Ellenbecker, C. Bryn e, K., O' Brien, E. & Rogosta, C., 2001, p. 12). Screenings were developed to identify potential health problems. Students base the screening on the residents needs. They screen for high blood pressure, depression, tuberculosis, elevated blood glucose levels and hearing and vision problems. This provides continued monitoring and follow ups which benefit the isolated elders immensely. The influenza clinic plays a major role in the immunization of the elderly in the housing. Students provide education, supplies, paperwork and final reports. This activity has health not only the residents but also the city health department in their goal of immunizing at risk populations. Students provide a variety of educational presentation based on what the residents are interested in. this include smoking cessation, prostate cancer, STDs, diabetes, alcohol and substance use, diet and nutrition and medication use. Individual health education is also done during clinic visits. Health education promot es self-care and supplemental support that the elderly needs. A variety of positive results can be seen from the in-site clinic (Ellenbecker, C. Bryne, K., O' Brien, E. & Rogosta, C., 2001, pp. 12-14). Some of which are the following: residents were able to give the name of their healthcare provider and report regular visit to the clinic, they receive flu and pneumonia vaccines, resident’s blood pressures were maintained within normal limits, residents post their medication list and emergency record in their apartment, blood sugar levels were recorded by the residents, etc. In the second article by Riley, M., Locke, A. & Skye, E. (2011), the sample population consisted of school-aged children, specifically from kindergarten to early adolescence. Health promotion is important is crucial at this age because children are just starting to establish patterns of behaviour. This is the vital time that the parents and the school work together to provide a conducive environment for le arning. Both parents and school management should be educated on what is important for their children. A major factor for a child to learn is healthy lifestyle (Riley, M., Locke, A. & Skye, E., 2011, p. 691). This can be achieved through dietary counselling, adequate physical activity, appropriate screen time or TV time, sufficient rest and sleep, proper dental care and safety. Also, high-risk behaviours to avoid are tobacco, alcohol and drug use, and sexual activity. Armed with

Woodside Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Woodside Company - Essay Example According to the policy of national interests, leaders of all countries are assumed to act in a rational way with the aim of safeguarding and pursuing their state objectives. This means that countries emulate the policies that are considered by the leaders to be of importance in developing and improving the well-being of their societies1. In their efforts to attain an economic growth and ensure transparency in the oil industries among other sectors, governments have adopted the policy of national interest. For instance, to safeguard the interest of local and foreign investors in the Australian oil sector, the government has put in place various measures to regulate the oil industry. For example, the government prohibited Royal Dutch Shell and BHP from undertaking the acquisition of Woodside Petroleum. The acquisition was valued at $35bn. One of the major strategies that Shell Company adopted was to take over Woodside incorporation with an objective of expanding its market share. Acco rding to Peter Voser, the company chief executive officer, this strategy was emulated in order to enhance innovativeness and competitiveness thus expanding the capital base leading to expanded investment and high dividends. Additionally, the company was focused at maintaining a sustainable cash flow that would make it to effectively meet its short-term liabilities and improve the company liquidity. However, based on the concept of the national interest, Peter Costello, The Foreign Acquisitions and Takeovers Act (FATA) treasurer rejected the move by Shell Investment Limited to purchase a majority interest in Woodside Petroleum Limited. Woodside Company is responsible for managing natural gas consortium that is based at the North West Shelf. According to Costello, Woodside Petroleum Limited had a national interest to maximize the production of natural gas from North West Shelf in order to increase the country sales and compete with other countries in the world natural market2. Additio nally, the Australian government was focused at protecting Woodside performance in the stock exchange market. Even though Shell aimed at controlling Woodside Company under the leadership of Don Voelte, Woodside management and the politician in Australia were against the Shell decision making it to be frustrated. One of the major aspects that were targeted by Shell is the Woodside-operated Pluto project that was generating large volume of oil resulting to increased profitability for Woodside3. Additionally, Shell argued that if given authority to control the $43bn Gorgon gas project among others that are located in Western Australia, it would increase the total revenue and initiate a sustainable growth as compared to Woodside. The sale offer was valued at $10 billion4. In 2010, Shell energy Holdings Australia Limited (SEHAL) agreed to sell 78 million shares that it has in Woodside to UBS AG. The sale resulted to the reduction of Shell interest in Woodside by 29%. In addition, the sel ling of the shares resulted to reduction of Shell capital in Woodside by 10%. In this regard, major issues that affected Woodside were mostly determined by the Woodside management team5. In the same way, SEHAL was focused to retain the remaining shares for at least one year. According to Peter Voser the CEO, Shell is determined to expand its investment portfolio in Australia. It is worth to note that even though Shell was prevented from acquiring majority interests in Woodside, the company purchased Australia LNG thus increasing its production capacity to 2.7 mtpa in 2010. The company is focused at increasing this capacity to 6.5 mtpa in the next 3 years. Having sold its shares at

The story Killings by Andre Dubus Essay Example for Free

The story Killings by Andre Dubus Essay The story Killings by Andre Dubus is about a man named Matt and his love for his son Frank. He is upset because his son has been killed by a man called Richard. Matts wife, older son, and his friends think that Richard should be killed too. His son wishes to kill the murderer of his younger brother, but Matt is even scared of the thought because doing so means that he would lose his second son, too. His wife also does not want to see Richard alive. In Killings, Matt is very angry at himself for the reason of not being able to protect his son and is forced to kill his sons murderer; however, at the end he is not very enthusiastic about it instead he is very upset and depressed. One of the reasons that Matt kills Richard is his own wife. She is very hurt by her sons death. She is always crying because she sees her sons murderer walking around in the stores all the time which kills her. Once Matt tells his friend Willis Ruth sees him too much. She was at sunny Hurst today getting cigarettes and aspirins and there he was. She cant even go out anymore. It is killing her (90). This explains how much of pressure he is under to avenge his sons death. This leads him to kill Richard even though he does not really want to kill him Another one of the reasons for Matts action is that Matts older son Steve wants to kill Richard. For example, when they leave after burying Frank to his graveyard, Steve turns to his family and states, I should kill him (89). This point out that Steve is also very hurt by his younger brothers death, who was only twenty one years old. He feels so helpless and wishes to kill Richard. Matt is very alarmed by this because he does want his son to kill anyone. If he commits murder, Matt would lose his second son, too. Matts friend Willis also suggests that he should kill Richard because Richard has always been cruel and violent. Once he shot a womans husband for her and dropped him off the bridge in the Merrimack River with a hundred pound sack of cement. He even covered his crime by saying that nobody helped the woman. This declares what kind of a man Richard is and what he has done to others. Now he has killed Frank which was very cruel of him, and Matts family believes that he has no right to live. Willis is also forcing Matt to believe that whatever his family thinks of doing to Richard is right. Willis urges Matt to kill Richard himself before someone in his family commits the act and he loses another family member. Just so everyone would be relieved and think that justice has been done.

Aldo Vallone :: The Divine Comedy

The Dante research of Aldo Vallone1 spans forty years, from the publication of his Prime noterelle dantesche (1947) and his bibliographic update of N. Zingarelli's Dante, to his recent annotated edition of the Commedia (1985-87)2. To retrace Vallone's Dantesque journey step by step would involve some 200 items, covering the whole spectrum of Dante scholarship and including interpretive studies of individual works as well as surveys of Dante criticism. We can here indicate only the salient moments of Vallone's critical contributions. The Vita nuova has frequently engaged Vallone's scholarly interest. His editions of the text appeared in 1954 and, with a critical anthology, in 1972 (the latter was expanded in 1975). His attention to Dante's poetic apprenticeship is documented by the analysis of the first nine chapters of the libello, the lectura of chapter XXV, and the study of the prose connectives in the libello.3 Analogous interest is shown in the studies on Dante's early prose: the essays on Dante's Latin and on the vocabulary, syntax, and style of the Convivio. In these studies Vallone analyzes not only Dante's rhetoric but his  «spiritual make-up » as well, underscoring the points of contact with the poetic language of the Commedia.4 In a revealing passage of his  «internal lectura » of Dante's lyric poetry, Vallone reflects on his own methodology:  «I propose a reading which aims to illuminate Dante's "lyrical substance". His poetry contains and offers from within all manner of interpretation. My approach is not simply "explaining Dante with Dante". It strives to locate and verify the internal coherence of the poetic text, in which each feature conforms to an internal necessity and has its rationally appointed place within the whole. My reading identifies in the text the subterranean echoes and hidden links between one verse and another; it undertakes to distinguish the vibration and "force of resistance" under the surface of the word. I intend to pinpoint Dante's intimate reasons for the choice of a given word: a choice that cannot be determined solely by personal taste, but always reflects the poet's experience of life, the rules of his art, and the social context. It is a multiform approach that o perates simultaneously on more than one level. It allows, encourages, even forces the reader to verify his reading at every step. One textual detail recalls and conditions another; and the sum total coincides with the meaning of the opus.

Impact of Ww1 on Canada

World War One had an impact on Canada both over seas and on the Canadian home front. It helped Canada develop a sense of national identity by gaining international status overseas. It gave women more jobs than working at home and but during the war there was the Conscription Crisis. These points impacted Canada greatly during and after WWI. In 1914 when World War One started, Canada was a legislative union, but Britain still controlled the foreign policy of all its dominions. So when Britain declared war on Germany the whole British empire was involved including Canada.As the war ended Canada met in Paris for the â€Å"Paris Peace Conference†. The conference was a big step towards Canada's independence. The main reason was, Prime minister Borden demanded that Canada have its own seat in the conference. Although there was great debate, in the end Canada acquired the seat. Fr the first time ever Canada was recognized as independent internationally. Before the war a woman's main job was to stay at home and look after the children as well as cook and clean. It was a while different story during the war.A mere 2800 woman served in the army as nurses in oversea hospitals. Other woman worked in Canada on jobs which would usually be called a â€Å"mans job†. For example woman where working in industrial sites since most of the men had left to war and there needed to be someone to supply and build arms as well as general items. Woman also worked operating fishing boats and working on farms. With this new era of woman working the government took notice that the woman weren't as fragile as they once believed. Woman seemed to be able to do a mans job good if not better.Then in 1918 women were granted the right to vote in federal elections, with the exception of aboriginal and immigrant woman. When war ended women stayed in the job force and worked alongside men. The conscription Crisis was a big deal off-seas as well as in Canada. This is because in 1917 thou sands of Canadians were killed or injured making the need to supply more soldiers immediate. Borden had promised there would be no conscription but as the war proceeded it became apparent they would need more soldiers if they wanted to win the war.Borden introduced the â€Å"Military Service Act†, which stated everyone able and fit under the guidelines of the act would have to fight in the war. There was outrage but unless the person hid there was no way of escaping going to war. World War One did have an impact on Canada both over seas and on the Canadian home front. It affected the woman and the men. The aboriginals and the immigrants. Almost everyone was affected by World War One one way or another.

Managing Knowledge and Learning Essay

Managing Knowledge and Learning at NASA and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory Summary National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) was established by Congress on October 1, 1958, in order for the United States to keep up with the technological advancements achieved from former Soviet Union’s successful launch of the Sputnik (1957). The Apollo Era-Mission had risen from the support of John F. Kennedy’s goal, which was â€Å"landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to Earth. † Prioritization at NASA evolved into the center’s motto of â€Å"Faster, Better, Cheaper† (FBC), which was mandated in the Goldin Era beginning in 1992. NASA shifted priorities from: 1) performance, 2) schedule and 3) cost to 1) increase mission performance, 2) cut cost and 3) work force reduction. However, this reform was not as successful as planned. From 1992 and 2000, six of 16 FBC missions failed. To address concern of the impact of failed missions and impending retirements of many of the most experienced NASA employees, Congress enforced that the agency search for the solution to Knowledge Management (KM) and promoting learning initiatives at NASA-JPL. NASA’s KM tools were mainly IT systems of Internet-based databases and portals for ease of lessons. The NASA KM crisis was attributed to the organization’s inability to document experiences of failures and successes of missions or projects; ultimately incapable of capturing the â€Å"experiential knowledge† from expert engineers and scientists. In addition, this lack in KM was due to â€Å"privatizing knowledge† and promoting creativity, that stemmed from NASA’s culture where competition among centers for projects and funding was the norm. Several KM Initiatives were developed including project libraries for document and data management, developing standards, establishing databases to find experts, ask technical questions, and to capture history and legacy reviews. 1) What were the pros and cons of the â€Å"Faster, Better, Cheaper† model? How might outcomes (both positive and negative) of projects executed with this model impact NASA’s stakeholders, i. e. Congress and the general public? The â€Å"Faster, Better, and Cheaper (FBC)† objectives were to cut cost and maximize mission performance. There were several advantages of the FBC reform. FBC allowed compressed development and launch schedules that lead to an increase in the number of missions. Mission time could be reduced from decades to a few years. The number of NASA projects increased from four to 40 under the FBC model. An increase in mission projects was thought to lead to additional discoveries so that NASA could gain further wisdom and space knowledge. FBC missions were changed from one big project to multiple smaller projects. Dividing the program into smaller projects helped to minimize the pressure and stress on the team if a mission failed. Furthermore, one mission failure did not consequently lead to the failure of the entire program. FBC practice allowed senior managers more freedom to implement FBC the way they found fit which promoted creativity and autonomy among senior managers. FBC also reduced the cost of each mission and NASA’s overall budget. For example, the Mars program budget was reduced from one billion dollars to $260 million. There are numerous disadvantages of the FBC reform. Applying the FBC model could lead to more mission failures. During the FBC era, there were 6 failed missions out of 16 FBC missions. Cost and schedule constraints, insufficient risk assessment, planning, and testing, underestimation of complexity and technology maturity, inattention of quality and safety, inadequate review processes, engineering, under-trained staff, poor team communication, and design errors all attributed to NASA’s mission failures. Projects conducted â€Å"faster† does not allow for adequate documentation, time for redlining the project, and recording lessons learned from one mission to the next. This could result in repeated mistakes that could be avoided by future missions. Missions carried out faster do not allow time for mentorship and sharing of knowledge. Also, the term â€Å"better† was not properly defined and was open to interpretation, which may negatively impact maintaining standard procedures and processes. The results of the FBC vision could impact NASA’s stakeholders in several ways. The increase in smaller successful missions would alleviate the risk of one large failure, although any failures will have a negative impact on stakeholders. Congress could be discouraged to provide support and funding for major space programs if they fail but might be more likely to fund smaller missions. The public could either lose or gain confidence, support, and belief in the space program depending on the magnitude of success or failure. FBC mission are less expensive which would decrease NASA’s budget and help satisfy both Congress and the general public by reducing the need for extra taxation by Congress and collection of taxes from the general public. 2) Why was the Mars Pathfinder project so successful? Explain how Anthony Spears management style impacted future missions. Project management was the key to success of the Mars Pathfinder project. It began as an experiment to test the validity of the FBC reform mandated in 1992 when Daniel Goldin was assigned as the new administrator of NASA. A clear and specific plan for the Pathfinder mission was laid out in the beginning and followed through until the end. Analogous to the success of Cisco’s ERP implementation, Anthony Spears, an excellent manager and thought leader with years of experience at NASA, gained the support of top management and the JPL institution (Spears, 1999). Spears developed a unique balance of an advisory committee of experts to support and guide the difficult project, while he recruited talented, yet naive, energetic youngster’s to do what some more experienced people thought impossible. As Spears writes in his lessons learned report it was â€Å"†¦a blend of bright, ambitious youth and scarred old timers, each challenged and empowered, all working each issue together†¦ † (1999). Together, they created a team that bonded and worked together successfully. Spears’ goal was not only the success of the Pathfinder project, but of the FBC program success, unlike the vision of future project managers. The success of Pathfinder did not translate well in future FBC missions. Risk management and testing were important to the Mars Pathfinder success. While the Mars Pathfinder team worked together successfully, the younger players went on to think they were great project managers themselves, but still hadn’t learned enough to manage their next missions successfully. In future FBC projects, some reasons for failure were poor team communication, inadequate or under-trained staff or insufficient testing in 70% of missions and insufficient risk assessment and planning on 86% of missions (exhibit 4). 3) One of the major issues in this case is the retirements of experts. Why is this a problem for NASA? Would it be less of a problem in a different type of organization? Suggest immediate steps that NASA could take to mitigate the problem. Explain your choices. By 2006 half of NASA’s workforce was eligible for retirement which could lead to a major loss of knowledge, especially tacit information, diminishing the collective wisdom of the organization. A senior manager at NASA states, â€Å"we have no formal process for transferring knowledge† from thought leaders to new managers and IT systems had not yet been sufficient in transferring â€Å"experiential knowledge† to the younger generation. Unfortunately, this would be true in many organizations unless they had sufficient knowledge management systems in place and a culture where sharing knowledge was valued and encouraged. In order to mitigate the problem of losing their knowledge base, NASA not only needs to continue to implement their KM strategy, but truly change the culture. Experienced project leaders and Subject Matter Experts (SMEs), such as design engineers, should openly share their knowledge and not just when asked for it. I support several of the planned KM initiatives such as the capture of information by improving documentation, development of an enterprise web-based portal, and the Knowledge Sharing Initiative (KSI) aimed at changing the companies’ culture. In addition to these activities, an exit strategy could be developed for retiring employees where they must follow standard procedures for employing case-based reasoning in an online database employing a searchable classification system. Additional knowledge could be disseminated by those eligible through training sessions. A reward system should be coupled to these exit requirements and could be increased if the employee decides to be available in the Expert Connections directory of SME’s that could be contacted for support after they leave. New positions might need to be created for dedicated knowledge managers such as Chief knowledge officers. It’s also possible that NASA could obtain some replacement of lost experts by collaborating with space programs in other countries. Collecting the information from experts must be coupled with management support of a corporate wide schema to store the data, methods of dissemination, and apply the information to ultimately make better decisions on projects that involve risking people’s lives. 4) Jean Holm had two options she could choose from: 1) upgrade the IT systems or, 2) change the culture. Which would you choose and why? Is there a third option? Explain your answer. In order for Holm’s to truly have a successful knowledge management system in place, implementation of a hybrid system should be in place; enforcing both upgrade to IT systems occurring simultaneously with changing the private culture into a shared one. Integration of both, changing the culture and IT upgrades will be a lengthy process so it would be critical to first strategically plan for cultivating and managing formal processes for knowledge transfers. Implementing formal processes such as required protocols, reports, standard operating procedures (SOPs) and work instructions for each mission or project should be enforced from every high-level management as it might help with the KM transfer crisis. Once every item has been completed by the high-level management it would be placed into the appropriate IT systems database in conjunction with the integration of the required knowledge management video synopsis from experienced engineers and scientist who exit the centers. Curriculums would be in place with learning modules with specific need encapsulating these protocols, reports, SOPs, work instructions and video synopsis would then be posted on the intranet, ready for the potential novice engineers and scientists entering the NASA work force; making the system more enriched and meaningful. 5) President Obama is implementing changes to NASA’s charter, which will create new ways of funding/executing projects than NASA is used to. Do a little online research. Do you agree or disagree in this change of direction? Explain. Caution; this is not to be addressed as a political issue) The Obama administration’s new NASA charter includes a couple of key parts: A) In February 2010, the Obama administration canceled the Constellation Program, which was started by former President George W. Bush’s administration in 2004. This program aimed to put US astronauts back on the moon by 2020, for the first time since the final Apollo mission. B) In April 2010, Obama proposed increasing NASA’s overall budget by about $6 billion over five years and shifting NASA’s aim for manned space program to Mars (from the moon). By the mid 2030s, â€Å"I believe we can send humans to orbit Mars and return them safely to Earth. And landing on Mars will follow,† he said. C) He also challenged the commercial space industry to take up the routine tasks that NASA would abandon – such as ferrying astronauts to and from the space station. I do not agree with him on the part A and Part B of the new charter. The Constellation Program is already 5 year old, and has spent $9. 1 billion. It has already made significant progress and will help America maintaining its space leadership position over Russia and China. On the other hand, I think that it will set a foundation for manned space mission to Mars. Obama’s vision of manned mission to Mars by mid-2030 does not seem realistic to me as he has not talked about its technology feasibility. However, I do agree with his plan’s Part C. I think that it will significantly reduce the cost for transporting people and cargo to and from low-Earth orbit, and might induce the rise of a true space economy.

Proper Word Order to Enable Parallel Structure

Proper Word Order to Enable Parallel Structure Proper Word Order to Enable Parallel Structure Proper Word Order to Enable Parallel Structure By Mark Nichol Sometimes, word order in a sentence does not interfere significantly with comprehension of the sentence, but it does produce an awkward obstacle to clean reading. Here are several flawed sentences that require only a simple transposition of words to become syntactically valid. Each is followed by a discussion and a revision. 1. Foods on the list below should either go into the compost bin or the trash. When either precedes the operative verb go, the implication is that the counterpoint will lead from a second, distinct verb or verb phrase, such as in the version â€Å"Foods on the list below should either go into either the compost bin or be tossed into the trash.† (At the least, the original sentence should repeat into before â€Å"the trash.†) But if go is to apply to both choices, either should follow the verb: â€Å"Foods on the list below should go into either the compost bin or the trash.† 2. This publication is neither intended to be a legal analysis nor a detailed cookbook of steps to take in every situation. The same idea applies to use of either’s antonym, neither, which should follow, not precede, the verb â€Å"to be†: â€Å"This publication is intended to be neither a legal analysis nor a detailed cookbook of steps to take in every situation.† An alternative is to revise as follows, in which case not can come before â€Å"to be†: â€Å"This publication is not intended to be a legal analysis or a detailed cookbook of steps to take in every situation.† 3. They may not only give insight into what to expect, but also how to handle situations that may arise. Because give applies to both the point and the counterpoint, it should precede both components of the sentence, and into should be repeated: â€Å"They may give insight not only into what to expect but also into how to handle situations that may arise.† (Note, too, that the comma between the components is extraneous.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Comma After i.e. and e.g.Telling a Good Poem from a Bad One55 "House" Idioms

Anti-Valentines Day Quotes and Sayings

Anti-Valentine's Day Quotes and Sayings Love is on sale. Look around you on Valentines Day. Every retailer is cashing in on the Valentines Day circus. Kitschy love cards, gigantic teddy bears, and stereotyped heart-shaped balloons fill the air. The only ones laughing, their way to the banks, are the ones who do not care about the warm feeling called love. They only know about cold, hard, cash. Enjoy these anti-Valentines Day sayings and mock the world on Valentines Day. W. Somerset Maugham, A Writers Notebook Love is only a dirty trick played on us to achieve continuation of the species. Jay Leno Today is Valentines Day. Or, as men like to call it, extortion day. Josà © Ortega y Gasset We fall in love when our imagination projects nonexistent perfection upon another person. One day, the fantasy evaporates and with it, love dies. Love is exclusivity, selection. Bonnie Raitt I cant make you love me, if you dont. J. Geils Band Love stinks. Laurell K. Hamilton Love sucks. Sometimes it feels good. Sometimes its just another way to bleed. William Shakespeare The course of true love never did run smooth Mother Teresa There is a terrible hunger for love. We all experience that in our lives- the pain, the loneliness. We must have the courage to recognize it. Lauren Hammond You, my dear, are a creature of the night, you are a vampire.

The Kyoto Protocol and climate change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Kyoto Protocol and climate change - Essay Example Global warming and Political climate Global warming is a phenomenon that occurs as a result of greenhouse gases (GHGs) averting thermal radiations from being reflected back to the space. (Wang and Wiser 2002). Coppock (1998, p.2) defines it as the increase in average global temperatures as a result of pumping CO2 into the atmosphere thus changing its temperature levels which in turn affect the water bodies such as oceans and seas leading to alteration of the Earth’s hydrologic cycle. The global warming not only creates fear to the planet’s residents because of rising global temperatures, (currently above 1Â ° C higher than 5 centuries ago) but also an increase in intensity of hydrologic cycles. This causes storms which are responsible to flooding that leads to destruction of farmlands, life and property (Painuly and Rowlands 2001). Generally global warming has more immediate consequences such as floods, rising global temperatures and far-reaching environmental, economi c and social impact that does not chose whether one nation is the main producer of emissions or not (Carr and Thomas 1998). The ecosystem, a natural sink( the uptake of greenhouse gas by forests, soil etc) is of paramount importance as the changes in climates may cause organisms of fresh water and wetlands to face new conditions due to higher temperatures and altered precipitation thus may have trouble producing enough organic sediments and root material that enable them to adjust. Contentious issues According to Schiermeir (2012 p.3), for the planet Earth to get rid of dangerous climate change, countries should limit global emissions to less than 2Â ° C above preindustrial levels, the EU’s threshold likely to prevent dangerous climate change. Further, he assert that to contain a... The Kyoto Protocol is seen by some researchers as a remarkable achievement in international affairs. The first it has put the world on the right path by bringing in the issues of climate change to the table so as the nations can chose to join the work force to regulate the emissions. The second it will leave a valuable legacy since it developed methodologies for reporting and verifying national greenhouse-gas emissions and land-use changes that will act as guide for future climate treaty as with any agreement containing specific quantified and legally binding commitments, issues of monitoring and compliance are central. Third, it has come with a way of trading carbon emissions through the EU’s Emission Trading Scheme among countries that face limits. Also through the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) transactions, an establishment of market incentives is proposed for rich countries to get credits towards achieving their emissions’ targets by making cost-effective emissi ons cuts in poor. The CDM despite critics that it is plagued by bureaucracy, had an arm’s length investment worth almost U$100 billion supporting some 5000 CDM projects whose services range from provision of solar cookers to rural people, e.g. in China to supporting clean energy production projects such the 100-megawatt wind firm in Mexico.

Thesis amendments Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Amendments - Thesis Example nglish is focused primarily on just learning the language without any reference to or intention of learning cultures associated with English, even if some cultural scenarios are included in the textbooks analysed. There also appears to be an inconsistency in the objective of the KSA Department of Education pertinent to English teaching in Saudi Arabia. Finally, it has been found out that studying English does not affect the learners’ appreciation of the Arabic culture. These results have been arrived at via the application of discourse analysis, which is the research methodology used, to some of the books used in teaching English in Saudi Arabia. The books that have been subjected to discourse analysis are Say It In English Series (SIIE) and English for Saudi Arabia Series (EFS). No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the main text of the thesis. This thesis has not been submitted for the award of any degree or diploma in any other tertiary institution. I am heartily thankful to my supervisor, Dr. Howard Nicholas, whose continuous support and encouragement helped me a lot to acquire the basic skills of writing my thesis. Also I am grateful for his unlimited help even in weekends. This study examines the English cultural elements presented in two Saudi English learning textbook series. Chapter one introduces the general background to teaching and learning English in Saudi Arabia, the cultural challenges this presents. It then identifies the main problem involved and the states the purpose of the study as well. Chapter two develops and discusses some arguments using secondary research regarding the integration of English and its culture and general views of how the foreign culture can be introduced. The historical background gives an overview of the important relationship between language and culture, discusses the rationale for and measures taken for providing protection to the native culture, details the Saudi experience, and

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade - Assignment Example While the Portuguese started off by probing into gold and spice trade, over time another commodity made way into their cargo; African men, women, and children. Towards the end of the fifteenth century, over 10 percent of the Portuguese population was African, due to the extensive slave trading engaged in during this time. The Portuguese started using these captives as enslaved labor on extensive sugar plantations on a scale large enough to overshadow any other atrocity being committed around the world. The development of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade had a direct impact on the development of the modern capitalist economic system. The capitalist economy flourished fervently primarily on the basis of plantation owners who used enslaved labor to grow their crops. By the mid-1600’s, the creation of ever growing sugar plantations along with many others, such as coffee, cocoa, rice, tobacco, indigo, and cotton, led to an increased demand for African slaves. This increase in demand was followed by the displacement of an estimated seven million Africans between mid-1600’s and early 1800’s. The increased demand for labor gave opportunists and entrepreneurs a gateway to engage in innovative ways to gain as many Africans as possible. The Europeans started engaging in a barter system with the Africans, whereby African slaves were purchased in exchange of cloth, gold, silver, copper bracelets and even military goods. The human resource and all other commodities robbed off Africa by the European are precisely what drove the capitalist development and accumulation of wealth in Europe. Trade was at its peak and the commodity of prime demand was humans. By definition, it is quite simple to differentiate between slavery and indenture. While slavery can be seen as a system whereby individuals can be bought and sold as property and forced to work under unimaginable conditions, indenture is viewed as a system of debt bondage whereby an individual is transported from one place to another and is made to work as a servant with no paid wages but allowance for food, accommodation, clothing, and training.

Analyse of the Two Key Moments Essay Example for Free

Analyse of the Two Key Moments Essay Just before this key moment starts, the guards takes Rebecca Nurse out of her cage, on its way to the place where people are hanged. She is astonished that John is confessing. The key moment starts with Proctor refusing to say that he saw Rebecca Nurse in the Devils company, or anybody else. Danforth demands that Proctor prove the purity of his soul by accusing others, but Hale advises that it is enough that he confesses himself. Parris agrees, but Danforth demands that Proctor should sign a document. Proctor says that he has confessed to God, and that is enough. He asks Danforth whether a good confession must be public. Proctor wishes to keep only his name, and Danforth thus refuses to accept his confession. Danforth orders Proctor to be hanged. Hale begs Elizabeth to plead with Proctor to sign a confession, but Elizabeth states that Proctor has his goodness now, and God forbid that she take it from him. The characters have turning points in the key moments, and I am going to discuss what happens to Hale, John Proctor and Danforth in this key moment. Hales beliefs in witchcraft changes, so does his faith in the law. In Act 4, he tells the accused witches to lie, to confess their supposed sins in order to save their own lives. This change of heart and hopelessness, makes Hale gain the audiences sympathy but not its respect, since he lacks the moral character of Rebecca Nurse or, and as it turns out at the end of Act 4, John Proctor. Although Hale recognises the evil of the witch trials, his response is not resistance but surrender. He thinks that survival is the highest good, even if it means helping oneself to injustice, which honourable and truly heroic characters can never accept. John Proctor changes himself and provides a final charge of the witch trials. Offered the opportunity to make a confession that he has seen the Devil, he almost surrenders, even signing a confession letter. His great pride and fear of public opinion drove him to hold his truth, adultery, from the court, but by the end of the play he is more concerned with his personal honesty than his public reputation. He still wants to save his name, but for a personal and religious view, rather than the publics reasons. Proctors refusal to provide a false confession is a true religious and personal determination. His confession would dishonour his friends who are convicted who are brave enough to die as support to the truth. Also it will dishonour himself, staining not just his public reputation, but also his soul. He then decides to change his mind and tells Danforth that he does not want to lie, this bringing him to heaven. He has now redeemed his sin. As Elizabeth says to end the play, responding to Hales plea that she convince Proctor to publicly confess: He have his goodness now. God forbid I take it from him! In this key moment Danforth shows that his greatest interest is to protect the reputation of the court when he prompts Proctor to sign a confession, thus preventing the response of his death. I think that Danforth has changed internally but not externally. I think he believes that the witchcraft is fake, but externally he is still a strict and craving for a good reputation. If he did believe people at the end of the play, then he would not convict John Proctor, but he did because it was to late then, and his reputation would be ruined, as he has convicted people before. It is a crucial moment for the audience because they think Proctor is a bad and not a honourable man when he signs the paper. It is dramatic irony, but not as much. The audience know that Proctor does not see the Devil, to save his life by confessing and showing you don not lie, he says he has been seeing the Devil. But he suddenly changes, he rips the piece of paper representing his confession, and explains that his name is more important, he wants to show he is a heroic man, so he says he never has see the Devil, which is true, and the audience see how he is a better man, and is going to die being an honourable and a heroic man. A crucible is a melting pot, where substances are heated to a high temperature to get rid of impurities. Miller is suggesting the play is like to purge by fire, a form of cleansing. This is a metaphor for spiritual improvements as the result of a confession being exerted. It is known as cleaning or cleansing yourself by confessing to seeing the Devil. There is many ways to explain the name of the book and here are some more: first witches supposedly boil potions in cauldrons and a synonym for cauldron is crucible. Secondly, it has a metaphorical meaning: the society of Salem is being heated and stirred in an attempt to remove the impurities and leave only the pure members of the society. One of the central themes of the play is the spiritual development of John Proctor. It is a powerful and complex play. All of the action takes place indoors and it is very black, simplistic and it emphasises the lifestyle of the people and it echoes the claustrophobic atmosphere of the play. The play focuses on ordinary people in extraordinary circumstances. In the play Miller is discussing the forces of evil. In the attempt to cut out evil there is certainly a degree of irony. The irony in this play is that evil and tragedy actually occur from the actions of the unwise and over eager characters such as Danforth and Parris and to a certain extent Hale, who became responsible for deaths, misery and cruelty. Miller is suggesting that humans are vulnerable to evil and he aims to show that the evil generated in Salem was through a combination of circumstances for which no one person could be held entirely responsible but yet none were guilt free. The Crucible was based on real events and characters. The people of the 17th Century Salem, witchcraft were a very real and forceful threat. Many people were accused of being witches, and were tortured and executed. The discrimination of witches spread to a lot of places around the world. Witches thought to commit crimes have various proofs of a witch including the testimony of a fellow witch, the common belief or accusation of those who live with suspected witch, cursing followed by some mischief or the person disagrees with the person when questioned. Miller was interested in McCarthy trials in the 1940s/50s and made the book parallel to it, Salem witch trials of 1682. Miller may have oversimplified matters, in that while there were no actual witches in Salem, there were certainly Communists in 1950s America. However, one can argue that Millers concern in The Crucible is not with whether the accused actually are witches, but rather with the refusal of the court officials to believe that they are not. McCarthyism limits, which wronged many innocents and this parallel was felt strongly in Millers own time. In real life, at Millers time, Abigail Williams was 12 years old, but in the play she is 17, but why did he change the age? He did this to make Abigail Williams a better character to make her do all the mischievous things she does in the play. At the age of 17, you are mature and able to make an opinion, and act more like an adult, unlike a 12 year old where you are still to young to do things adults do. Danforth was not a real person, he was made up, but the wonderful thing about him is that he is made up of 3 characters. These three characters were the judges, but they would not be as dramatic and neither strong, unless there is one person who rules, making that character more remembered, and more important to the play.

Absinthe Essay -- Exploratory Essays

Absinthe Since its introduction to the drinking community, absinthe has the most compelling history of any liqueur. The drink, nicknamed the green fairy, gained popularity in the artistic social circle. Among its devotees were Pablo Picasso, Oscar Wilde, Ernest Dowson, Edgar Allen Poe, Verlaine, and Vincent Van Gough. As time continued, absinthe soared in popularity, reaching the everyday, working-class man. By 1910, French refiners produced thirty-six million liters of absinthe a year (Kiffel). As the drink became increasingly popular, questions concerning the safety of the drink arose leading to bans by almost every European nation between the years 1912 and 1915. While its reign was short, absinthe signified early twentieth century counterculture, leading people to refer to it as â€Å"the drink of Parisian abandon† (Walsh). Absinthe’s two main components were alcohol and thujone, a substance similar to THC. It was made out of a combination of aniseed, fennel, hyssop, and lemonbalm along with lesser amounts of angelica, star anise, dittany, juniper, nutmeg, and veronica (Baggot). These ingredients were mixed with wormwood plants and water. The mixture was then distilled. Dried herbs, including more wormwood, were added to the distillate, which was then diluted with alcohol to give it a concentration of seventy-five percent alcohol by volume (Walsh). If done correctly, the finished product had a mild green color and an extremely bitter taste. In 1792, Pierre Ordinaire concocted absinthe as a cure-all. The potion remained in relative obscurity until Major Dubied bought the rites to the elixir. Within ten years, he established the Perrod-Fils absinthe company. In 1844, the French military purchased an immense ... ...nd a threat to European culture. Starting with Sweden in 1912, absinthe was banned from almost every nation, ending with France in 1915. Works Cited Walsh, Don. â€Å"Absinthe & Thujone†. www.chem.ox.ac.uk/mom/absinthe/absinthe.html. This source provided information about the chemical makeup of absinthe. It also talked about the reasons for its ban and the possible health effects of the drink. Kiffel, James. â€Å"Absinthe†. www.sepulchritude.com/chapelperilous/absinthe.html. (1997). This source provided a good historical view of the drink and its relation to the times in which it was popular. Baggot, Mathew. â€Å"Facts about Absinthe.† www.sepulchritude.com/chapelperilous/absinthe/absinthe-faq.html. (1943). This source provided general information about absinthe such as its main components, the way it was drunk, and its relation to other alcoholic drinks.

Responsibility Accounting Essay

It is impossible for top managers to make all the necessary decisions about everything except in very small organizations. Somehow at some point he has to delegate some decisions to those who are at the lower levels and are more knowledgeable to the everyday detail of the company’s operation. By empowering lower level managers to make decisions, decision-making authority is spread throughout the organization rather than being confined to a few top executives. Attached with this decentralized approach, are costs and decisions at each sub-level that managers have to be responsible for. Decentralized organizations need responsibility accounting systems to link the manager’s decision-making authority with accountability for the outcomes of those decisions and to make sure that they are in congruence with the organization’s goals. The term responsibility center is used in any part of the organization whose managers has control and is accountable for cost, profit or investment. An Organizational View of Responsibility Centers †¢The manager of an investment center has control over cost, revenue, and investments in operating assets. Investment centers are usually evaluated using return on investment (ROI) or residual income measures. †¢The manager of a profit center has control over both costs and revenue, but not over the use of investment funds. They are often evaluated by comparing actual profit to targeted or budgeted profit. †¢The manager of a cost center has control over costs, but not over revenue or the use of investment funds. Managers of cost centers are expected to minimize costs while providing the level of products and services demanded by other parts and stakeholders of the organization. For this decentralized structure to be effective, organizations need to employ responsibility accounting. Responsibility accounting refers to the various concepts and tools used by managerial accountants to measure the performance of people and departments to foster goal congruence. Below are some of the concepts and tools that managerial accountants used for responsibility accounting: 1.Segment Reporting – Income statements are generated from each part or activity of an organization (e.g. sales territories, individual stores, service centers, manufacturing plants, marketing departments, individual customers, and product lines). In utilizing this concept of reporting, managers have to identify traceable and common fixed costs and make use of activity-base costing if necessary. These segmented income statements are useful in analyzing the profitability of segments and in measuring the performance of segment managers. 2.Performance report of each responsibility centers – this shows the budgeted and actual amounts, and the variances between these amounts, of key financial results appropriate for the type of responsibility center involved. The data in a performance report help managers use management by exception either to control cost operations effectively, find ways to generate more profit or consider opportunities for investments. 3.Activity-based responsibility accounting – Under this approach, management is directed not only to the cost incurred in an activity but also to the activity itself. Questions like the following will be asked, â€Å"Is the activity necessary?† Does it add value to the organization’s product or service?† Can the activity be improved? By seeking answers to these questions, managers can eliminate non-value added activities and increase the cost effectiveness of the activities that do add value. 4.Customer Profitability Analysis – uses the concept of activity-based costing to determine how serving particular customers causes activities to be performed and costs to be incurred. This focus on major market segments, geographical regions, distribution channels or customers. This also helps managers gain insight into the factors that are driving the company’s performance. Goal congruence results when the managers of subunits throughout an organization strive to achieve the goals set by top management. Given the above concept and with proper implementation an organization is surely rising above its competitors. It is therefore recommended that while top management gave the subunit managers decision-making authority and responsibility accounting systems in place, it is still of utmost importance that both side will conduct regular dialogue and consultations for coordination and to keep each other expectations on the same level and to make sure that top management understands the concerns of the lower level managers and vice versa. Top management also must emphasize that the responsibility accounting systems main functions are information and not blame, make sure costs are distinguished properly between controllable and uncontrollable as this increases the effectiveness of cost management systems, and its usage is to motivate desired behavior that would be beneficial for both the company and the employees. So how does responsibility accounting fosters goal congruence? As companies adopt this concept, top level management can concentrate on bigger issues such as overall strategy of the company. This allows as well lower-level managers to respond more quickly to customers and to changes in the operating environment since layers of decisions makings and approvals have been eliminated, and lower managers are now given the chance to be trained for higher positions. Consequently, as lower level managers make decisions they are expected that their motivation for work and job satisfaction is increased because the decision-making authority empowers them. But the concept of responsibility accounting is not only limited to an organization’s structure. For any type of cost whether from an organization’s perspective or from your personal life, an important key to managing or controlling the cost is to make it someone’s responsibility. And whether we like it or not, decisions has to be made, the only difference is that if we are choosing to make the right decisions or the wrong ones.