Kite Runner Assef Analysis Essay

Many believe that there is a part of good and a part of evil in each of us. Hosseini conveys in his novel â€Å"the kite runner† that some people have a natural tendency to express their bad side. Assef, one of Hosseini’s charachter symbolizes those people. He carries a kind of madness, and is violent. Hosseini implies that being given a target for hate, and a morality for their actions, in this case religion, those people can become powerful. Assef is an example of how it is possible to reach power and abuse of it by avoiding to deal with justice as he joins a groups of terrorists. He evolves from a child who uses violence to make himself feared, and rule his neighborhood, to a Talibans who can freely and honorably commit crimes in the name of God. This author introduces Assef to the reader when he firsts encounters Amir. Those are Amir’s thoughts at the view of Assef â€Å"Assef crossed his thick arms on his chest, a savage sort of grin on his lips. Not for the first time, it occurred to me that Assef might not be entirely sane.† The reader then directly discovers, from this simple description of Assef’s appearance the type of character he is. He is just passively crossing his arms, but still gives an overall image of a strong, savage, not entirely sane person. The insanity recurs, it is often visible in Assef’s eyes, and the grin is now linked to violence† I will never forget how Assef’s blue eyes glinted with a light not entirely sane and how he grinned, how he grinned, as he pummeled that poor kid unconscious† Amir was marked by the time he saw Assef beating up a little kid. Assef is a bully that takes pleasure in hurting other kids. At this point, he is a child and violence is like a game that let’s him express his madness. Other kids are scared by his attitude, no one dears to contradict him. This is one of Amir’s thought about one of Assef’ â€Å"friend†, right before the rape of Hassan. â€Å"He wasn’t afraid of Hassan, not really. He was afraid because he had no idea what Assef had in mind† Assef is not even understood by his followers, no one knows what’s in his mind. They apprehend his ideas, and fear them which gives an idea of how deranged he is. In fact Hassan refuses to give the kite to Assef, and Assef is then about to rape him when he declares: â€Å"I’ll let you keep the kite Hazara. I’ll let you keep it so it will always remind you of what i’m about to do† This is a significant quote. Assef shows his cruelty by intending to hurt deeply, and leave a reminder of the pain. It also foreshadows all the horrors he is going to cause because his madness his going to last. Assef’ is seen differently by other adults, those don’t fear him, because his real personality is hidden from them. Hosseini uses the parents as a symbol for control, and justice. Assef therefore bypasses justice, he is still controlled as he has to hide his madness. â€Å"On the surface, he was the embodiment of every parent’s dream, a strong, tall, well-dressed and well-mannered boy with talent and striking looks, not to mention to wit joke with an adult. But to me, his eyes betrayed him. When i looked into them, the facade faltered, revealed a glimpse of the madness hiding behind them.† The author personificaties Assef’s eyes who â€Å"betrayed† him by revealing his madness. The Betrayal has a religious connotation, to the evil. As if he was hiding behind the appearance of an attractive boy. The author enlarge Assef’s dangerousness. In contrast with the other parents, his genitors know his real nature and in fact are frightened. â€Å"†¦I wondered if maybe, on some level, their son frightened them.† They should be giving him a education to make him become good, instead they are powerless. He in fact has the power over them. At Amir’s birthday party, he comes with them â€Å"He led them toward us, like he had brought them here. Like he was the parent, and they his children.† His leadership is broadened to his genitors who should be superior. This comparison, shows that his parent’s don’t have authority or control over him. but it is the first sign that Assef will be out of control. Assef went to prison at some point. There, he was mistreated in the same way as he used to mistreat others. He was put in a position of powerlessness â€Å"What could i do?† a guard came to violently persecute him, and as he kicked him. â€Å"He kicked me on the left kidney and the stoned passed. Just like that! Oh, the relief!† But Assef, who is a mad character, feels this relief as a redemption, and connects it to God, while it in fact could have been a biological reaction. † †¦ Suddenly i knew that had been a message from God: He was on My side. He wanted me to live for a reason.† This miracle, leads Assef to pretend that he has been granted a mission. â€Å"I’ve been on a mission since.† This mission could also have made him turned into a better man but instead it only made him madder. It gives him a sudden excuse and claims to be doing great acts, even though they are harmful to others. He is therefore truly satisfied with the horrors he accomplishes, because now he has a reason to do them. â€Å"†¦ stood in a roomful of targets, let the bullets fly, free of guilt and remorse, knowing you are virtuous, good, and decent. Knowing you’re doing God’s work.† He even uses the words virtuous, implying that his act have a morality. â€Å"There are bad people in this world, and sometimes bad people stay bad. Sometimes you have to stand up to them.† Amir says this as he is thanking Sohrab for stopping Assef. Assef was in fact stopped by a little kid with his slingshot. The author conveys that sometimes, justice can easily stop evilness. That evil people shouldn’t be supported by religion.

Lab report chemistry matriculation experiment Essay

Example chemistry lab report matriculation experiment 4. Free ebook, pdf. Lab Session 5, Experiment 4 Chemical Nomenclature. Thursday, January 21, 2010 /. Introduction: The laboratory method used in the experiment is titration. Titration is a method usedin. Chemistry Lab Report on standardization of acid and bases. 34335 views. The flask is swirled to dissolve the KHP sample completely.5. The initial reading. (2011) Chemistry for Matriculation. Selangor. Class Policies (Eckerd Organic Lab).doc Organic Chemistry I Laboratory Experiment Format attached to a page in your notebook, its not part of your lab report. Matriculation lab report chemistry. What is the conclusion for lab report chemistry experiment 5 redox titration using sodium thiosulphate? ?. If an excess of iodide is used to quantitatively reduce a chemical species while. Chem 120. Laboratory Manual. Quantitative Chemistry II. Lab 3. 5. Cool the. Report. Using the format specified, prepare a lab report  summarizing the data. View notes – experiment kimia for matriculation from SCIENCE 132 at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Semester 1 2012/2013 TITLE :CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM. Students who wish take to the experiments should see the lab officers (LOs) Teo Hoon. 5. Discussion and Conclusion (For example, discuss the data you measured, where. On a cover page, put the experiment title, your name, matriculation number, and the date you did the experiment and the date of report submission. Lab report chemistry matriculation experiment 5 >>>CLICK HERE news report essay writing, where do i put the word count on my essay tallahassee, lab report chemistry matriculation experiment 5. Chemistry Experiment Laboratory Report (4). 5. 25 cm. 3 of the solution was titrated with the standard sulphuric acid using phenol red indicator. EXPERIMENT 9. MOLECULAR. for a set of molecules and ions. Equipment: Molecular model kit obtained from the lab assistant. 3 0 / 5/ 8P3. F F. 3 l Trigonal. Lab report chemistry matriculation experiment 5: how do i start my personal essay indiana; easy a birthday song; write a report online for free; do my psychology homework alabama; do my assignment online free aurora; essay writing on my country pakistan amarillo; community service reflection paper essays jackson; service trip essay houston; how can i do my assignment orlando; if the cat in the hat came to my house writing paper plano. Lab report chemistry matriculation experiment 5 Lab report chemistry matriculation experiment 5 Key Terms in Literature, by Ismail S Talib, what to include in an introduction in an essay, cold war stability essay. Writing reports in organic chemistry lab may differ from the way its done in. Write your records by hand, either while conducting the experiment. 5. Mistakes are not to be erased. A â€Å"mistake† might turn out to be important information later. Experiment 5. 1. EXPERIMENT 5. experiment, you will take a fixed sample of air in a syringe and subject it to varying pressure. Experiment 5. 2. Lab Report. Lab report chemistry matriculation experiment 5how to write essay for civil service exams fort lauderdale, how do i write a conclusion for my essay nashville, customer service essay murrieta; science research data analysis, lab report chemistry matriculation experiment 5; write my essay paper for me nebraska, easy updo hairstyles for long thick hair. SEMESTER 1 Practical Science 1 Experiment 2. (refer discussion) 2.21 g of CuSo4 powder is weighed.5 M of CuSO4 is made. (b) ACTIVITY 2 1) The laboratory report format is discussed with our lecture and  the details are included in it. alkali and solution. Chemistry for Matriculation Semester 1. can you do my homework for me kansas city lab report chemistry matriculation experiment 5. Laboratory Data Sheet, Physical Chemistry, Year 1. Experiment. EXPERIMENT 1. Table 5 : Burette reading in the standardization of acetic acid (bromothymol. Begin to see the link between measurement and chemical knowledge. Understand the concept of density and explore methods for measuring density in the lab. 5. Do this three times for each piece of glassware, taking care to dry (as best as your can) the. 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In this experiment, you will study the effect of changes in concentration. The solution is placed approximately 5 mL into four test tubes. a)To the first test. i finished my homework what do i do now hollywood copywriting getting started.

Prospects for the Measurement and Management Essay

Research Assessment Exercise is an exercise that is carried out at an interval of about five years aimed at evaluating the quality of research that is undertaken by British higher education institutions. The exercise is undertaken basically on behalf of the four United Kingdom funding councils of the higher education. The research Excellence Framework came as a successor to the Research Assessment Exercise as a method of assessing the research of British higher education institutions. As a mew framework it is expected to produce a robust indication of research excellence for all disciplines following the failures of its predecessor. Both have faced much criticism from scholars who feel that the mode of operation of these assessment exercises is not standard and is marred with misleading information that has grave consequences to the value of higher education n the country. How they operate Research Assessment Exercise uses specialists in the particular fields of research to make submissions to the councils that are ranked by the review panel. The assessment process places much emphasis on the quality of research outputs which includes the papers published in academic journals as well as conference proceedings. The process of assessment also takes into consideration the environment on which the research was carried out as well as indicators of esteem. Each discipline of study that the research is based on has a panel that is well vast with that discipline that determines the rules that will be used as the general guidelines of the assessment exercise. The institutions are also invited to submit their research outputs that are published over a given period. The Research Assessment Exercise takes into consideration the research outputs made by full time members of staff in the research that have been selected for the inclusion. The Research Excellence Framework came as a successor to the Research Assessment Exercise that had highly been criticized by academics in the United Kingdom. It substituted Research Assessment Exercise as a method of assessing the research carried out by British higher education institutions. As a new assessment strategy it is aimed at producing an indication of research excellence in higher education institutions that is robust and can be used as a benchmark quality adjacent to international standards. It also aims to provide a basis that can be used in the distribution of funds to research institutions reducing the administrative burden on institutions. It aims to avoid creating an undesirable behavioral incentive and promote equality and diversity by providing a stable framework on which there will be continued support of a world-leading research foundation within higher education institutions. Both are considered important based on their operations in the society. This is based on the fact that they give insight to the funding councils on the way that they will fund the higher education institution based on the credibility of the research of each institution. They as well show the excellence of the different higher education institutions which helps the public in monitoring the progress of the education institutions in the country (Business Video News, 2010). Criticism The Research Assessment Exercise has highly been criticized on the basis of the fact that happens to ignore the publications made by many full time researchers in the United Kingdom. This has been attributed to the fact that most of these researchers whose publications are ignored are employed on basis of contracts that have a fixed term. The guidelines made by Research Assessment Exercise of the year 2008 attribute that most research assistants are not eligible to be attributed as research active staff (Andrew, 2008). It also excludes the publications made by researchers on fixed term contracts from the assessment exercise unless they can be credited to a staff member who is eligible for the assessment exercise. Criticism has also been raised on the expertise of the panel to evaluate the quality of the research outputs. This is on the basis of the fact that the performance of experts happens to be less when they work in fields that are outside their specific areas of specialization. The Research Assessment Exercise has also been criticized on the basis of the impact that it has on the institution of higher education. This is based on the outcomes of the assessment exercise that have led to the closure of departments that have strong research profiles as well as adequate student recruitment. This has led to massive loss of jobs, demoralization of staff as well as narrowing of the opportunities of research over concentrating funds leading to the undermining of the relationship between teaching and research. The assessment exercise has been criticized as an exercise that has the impact of destruction of the higher education system in the United Kingdom raising its opposition by academics. The criticism to both Research Assessment Exercise and Research Excellence Framework has highly been centered on the fact that the research that is made by the higher education institutions is usually rewarded on the basis of the economic impact that it has. This has been based on the idea that these research assessment exercises assess the research made by the institutions and rank them on the basis of the economic impacts that their research outcomes have on the economy of the country (Chanson, 2007). Based on the economic impact of their research, the institutions are then funded by the funding councils and this has raised much of the criticism. The basis of many academics opposing these assessment structures is the thought of the economic emphasis that is placed on their researches (Felipe, 2009). This has raised the high opposition of both assessment exercises by the academics on the basis that the exercises require them to place much emphasis on research that have an economic benefit. The argument of the academics is the fact the research assessment exercises focus their attention on one aspect of their research that is economic. The feel of the academics is that the assessment exercises are discriminatory on the basis that their attention is on the economic impact that the research has on the society rather than the significance of the research itself. This makes the academics have the idea that their field of research is compromised in the sense that they have to make research findings that have an economic benefit on the society. The indication that research proposals should indicate the economic impacts that the research has on the society has been viewed as a move that limits their scholarly freedom. This is on account of the fact that the indication of the economic impact of the research limits the field of the research. This is on account of the fact that it creates a bias situation in which the researchers are bound to give improper reports on their research. This is in regard to Research Excellence Framework which has it that it will allocate a quarter of United Kingdoms university research funding on the basis of the impact of the research (Andrew, 2009). This is viewed as to create a loophole in which higher education institution may carry out research with the aim of meeting the impact rather than the educational goal of the research. It is also viewed as a factor that has the potential of leading to mislead research reports that are geared at creating the economic impact targeted by the assessment exercises in order to get the funding. It is seen as a move that limits the freedom of education on the grounds that it seeks to appreciate education on the basis of its economic impact in the society (An open letter to Research Councils UK, 2009). This is on the basis that academic researchers are responsible for the impartial pursuit of knowledge a factor that is undermined by the recommendations made by Research Excellence Framework. This is seen as a limitation in the field of education on the grounds that it interferes with the policy making in the scientific field. This is viewed to have the impact of limiting success in the scientific field on the basis that the freedom of research has been tampered with. This has led to academics opposing the assessment exercises feeling that they limit their freedom of pursuit of knowledge. This is on the grounds that it limits their field of research on the basis that they have to direct their research in a way that they have an economic benefit in the society. The limit is on the basis of the fact that science is a global discipline that has held non-interference policies that have led to the discovery of many important aspects in the field that have had much significance in the human life. The recommendation by the assessment exercises are viewed as a devastating move in the sense that some of the research made must not have an economic benefit in the society but may have massive impact in the society. This creates a situation in which the researchers cannot make some of their research reports owing to the fact that they do not have an economic benefit in the society. The scientific research has also been known to make findings that are hard to predict on the basis that their impact depend on certain factors that may change over time. This creates an uphill task for the researches on the account that they have to calculate the economic impact of their research that is at times dependant of the way that the research is applied in the society. The economic impact that is taken into consideration is also hard to determine as well as measure. This is based on the fact that there has not yet been an invention made that can be used in the determination as well as measurement of the economic impact that something has in the society (Jessica, 2009). This creates a situation in which what is considered as the economic impact is an assumption that is bound to change depending on factors that surround the operation of the research. The measurement of the economic impact that the findings have in the society is the main point of argument based on the fact that it is hard for this impact to be accurately measured. This raises a question of the criteria in which the assessment exercises use in the calculation of the economic impact that the reports from the research have in the society. The basis of argument is the fact that a clear calculation cannot be easily made raising concerns over the criteria that is used by the panel in the determination of this. This creates a situation in which the assessment panel is viewed as biased on account of the fact the economic impacts made are assumption thus the firm seen as to favor the research of the academics that they have interest in. The fact that academics are opposed to the assessment exercises does not necessarily mean that they are no longer to be managed. This is due to the fact that lack of their management can lead to the misuse of the funds allocated to them as well as carrying out of unwanted research that has less significance. This calls for the need of their management as a move that is aimed at their regulation as well as monitoring their activities. However, the management ought to be in a systematic way that does not limit their freedom of pursuit of knowledge. This is based on the fact that poor management strategies can be applied leading to the destruction of the learning process that is accompanied with the academics. The management ought to be directed on the distribution of the funds as well as monitoring the usage of the funds. This is aimed at avoiding embezzlement of the funds as well as the use of the funds in projects that are of less significance to the goal of academics. The management ought to give freedom for research based on the fact that academics are aimed at acquiring knowledge and this can only be achieved with the freedom to carry out research on any field. This is despite the impact that their findings have in the society and this should not be used as the basis of their funding. Some of the research is significant to the life of human beings but may not have economic significance which can not be used as the basis of funding academic research. Academic research is really a matter of serendipity on the basis that serendipitous discoveries play a significant role in the advancement of science. This is based in the fact that they offer a foundation on which important intellectual leaps of understanding are made. This is based on the fact that accidental discoveries reveal information that when contemplated can be developed into an important scientific discovery (Science Daily, 2009). Conclusion The assessment plan is an important idea that helps the public in the monitoring of the way the higher education institutions utilize the funds allocated to them by the funding councils. It also plays an important role in helping the public monitor the activities of the higher education institution so as to tell their progress in the pursuit of knowledge. However the criterion that has been used by the assessment exercises RAE and REF have been discriminatory and not beneficial to the academics leading to the destruction of the research activities of these higher education institutions. This is based on the fact that they lay much emphasis on certain aspects of the research such as their economic impacts which offers misleading information to the funding councils. This has raised the criticism that the exercises have faced from the academics. The measurement of the economic impacts of the research has also raised concern questioning the criteria used by the panel to determine the economic impact. This is based on the fact that there is no known criterion that can be used in the determination of this aspect of research findings that is used in the assessment exercise. Bibliography Andrew M. (2008). The researchers the RAE forgot. Viewed August 1, 2010 from Andrew O. (2009). REF should stay out of the game. Viewed August 1, 2010 from An open letter to Research Councils UK. (2009). Only scholarly freedom delivers real ‘impact’ 1. Viewed August 1, 2010 from Business Video News. (2010). David Willetts announces review of the impact requirement in the Research Excellence Framework. Viewed August 1, 2010 from Chanson, H. (2007). â€Å"Research Quality, Publications and Impact in Civil Engineering into the 21st Century. Publish or Perish, Commercial versus Open Access, Internet versus Libraries? † Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, NRC, Vol. 34, No. 8, pp. 946-951 Felipe F. (2009). Poisonous impact. Viewed August 1, 2010 from Jessica S. (2009). Humanities research threatened by demands for ‘economic impact’. Viewed August 1, 2010 from Science Daily (2009). Accidental Discovery Produces Durable New Blue Pigment for Multiple Applications. Viewed August 1, 2010 from < http://www. sciencedaily. com/releases/2009/11/091116143621. htm>

A Model of International Company that Trades with Lubricants Term Paper

A Model of International Company that Trades with Lubricants - Term Paper Example A multinational company is a company that conducts its trade between two or more countries. To conduct the business, a set of rules and regulation are laid down by international organizations and the countries where these organization conduct business. One common effect is the fluctuation of different currencies. The volatility affects the profitability of international trade. Also due to the currency volatility, there is a very high probability of the traders incurring loses on future sales. The formation of any multinational company is rigorous and most of the companies are run as joint ventures, mergers between two companies, private limited companies, public limited companies, licensing agreements among others. Corporate finance deals with the making of an appropriate financial decision for the company. These decisions are made using analytical tools. These tools help in the maximization of corporate value and in the management of the firm's financial risks. The decision made may be classified as short term or long term. Long term decisions involve capital investments decisions while short term decisions involve managing the working capital. Financial risk management, aids in evaluations of risks and developing strategies to manage these risks. In risk evaluation, the nature of the risk is determined by evaluating the impact of the exchange fluctuation on the corporation and the nature of the currency one is trading with. Risks can be managed/hedged using financial instruments. These instruments include interest rates, commodity prices, stock prices, and foreign exchange rates. The most effective way to manage financial risk is by the use of derivatives that trade on the financial markets. These derivatives are traded using instruments such as futures contract, Forwards contracts, swaps, and options.

Institutional ownership and corporate value Essay

Institutional ownership and corporate value - Essay Example Abstract Institutional investors are a significant financial market force. They are rapidly replacing individual investors in the capital market. Unlike individual investors, institutional investors invest large amounts of their company resources into various stocks and shares, thereby devoting many of their resources to monitoring their investment. This paper investigates whether a company’s dividend policy is affected by the level of institutional ownership. The paper focuses on Kuwaiti public companies that are listed on the Kuwait stock exchange (KSE). This study examines the implications of corporate governance on dividend policy. It focuses on the cross-sectional relationship of the organizational ownership structures and dividend payout policies. In this paper, a regression model is employed to explore the link between institutional ownership and cash dividends. The dependent variable, cash dividends, is measured by using two different proxies. The independent variable, institutional ownership, is measured as the natural logarithm of shares held by institutional investors, then scaled by the number of shares outstanding. The control variables include returns on equity, firm size, leverage, firm age, financial loss, year effects, and industry effects. The relevant data is collected from the KSE website and the Institute of Banking Studies in Kuwait (ISB). The monitoring hypothesis suggests that institutional investors tend to function as a superior oversight mechanism, and therefore are more likely to limit corporate managers. The other perspective relates to the entrenchment effect hypothesis, which states that institutional investors may align their interests with management’s interests at the expense of minority wealth. Table of Contents Declaration 2 Acknowledgement 3 Abstract 4 Table of Contents 5 List of Tables 5 Chapter 1: Introduction 7 1.1 Background 7 1.2 Research Question 8 1.3 Aims and Objectives of the Study: 8 1.4 Rationale and Justification for the Study: 9 1.5 Methodology: 9 1.6 Research Structure 10 Chapter 2: Literature Review 12 2.1 Kuwait Stock Exchange 12 2.2 Institutional Ownership and Cash Dividend Payouts 13 2.2.1 The Monitoring Role of Institutional Ownership 14 2.2.2 The Entrenchment Role of Institutional Investors 17 Chapter Three: Hypothesis Development 21 4.2 Regression Models 26 Chapter Five: Data and Results 28 Chapter Six: Conclusions and Implications of the Research 38 Chapter Seven: Future Research 40 List of References 41 List of Tables Table 1: Frequency of Institutional Investors over Time 29 Table 2: Descriptive Statistics for the Dependent, Independent, and Control Variables 330 Table 3: Pearson Correlation Coefficients, N = 648 323 Table 4: Regression Results of the Dependent Variable: CashPayOut 345 Table 5: Regression Results of the Dependent Variable: CashDiv_Earnings 368 Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Background Institutional investors are a significant financial market force. T hey are rapidly replacing individual investors in the capital market. Unlike individual investors, institutional investors invest large amounts of their company resources into various stocks and shares, thereby devoting many of their resources to monitoring their investment (Grossman and Hart, 1980; Shleifer and Vishny, 1986). In addition, institutional investors are generally more and better informed then individual invest

Communism vs. Capitalism. My Ideal Government System Essay

Communism vs. Capitalism. My Ideal Government System - Essay Example The essay also shows the opinions of prominent figures of politics and economy regarding each government system. Both systems are compared on the basis of education, economy, employment and health standards. The bibliography comprises 6 sources. The most recent one published 2010. Introduction. Communism is a form of government where the resources and the means of production are controlled by the society and the government is headed by one party or the communist party. It was an idea developed by Karl Marx and supported by Stalin and others. For Marx, an ideal government was the one that ensured equality to all members of society without classes. Before then, the economy was controlled by the businessmen and factory owners commonly referred as bourgeoisies whose aim was to make a profit at the expense of the poor farmers who were referred as the proletariat. Capitalism, on the other hand, is characterized by the existence of classes in the society. The means of production is controlled by private individuals who own private property and the government is democratic in nature. The market forces determine what is to be produced and who is to consume the products depending on the wealth of individuals. The private owners thus make huge profits and invest it in machinery and more business investments while the poor continue being poor as they can’t afford to buy goods. A wide gap, therefore, exists between the rich and the poor in the society (Grant & Vidler, 19-25). Communist government is thus preferred as it reduces inequalities and classes in the society and is effective in transforming backward economies. A capitalist system of government is a free market economy where price of products is determined by market forces. The market also allocates the resources to members of society depending on one’s income. The government does not intervene in controlling the prices. In this situation, the owners of property whose aim is to maximize profit may set high prices for products or make goods unavailable so as to control demand and in turn raise prices. The poor consumers are therefore forced to cut consumption of some goods as they cannot afford leaving them to the rich t hus widening the gap between the rich and the poor. Inflation is inevitable due to rise and fall in prices of goods and services (Grant & Vidler, 22). On the other hand, a communist system of government is controlled by the state. It is a command economy where prices are determined by the government thus inflation is controlled. The state also distributes goods and services equally to the society (Schwartz, 292). The resources are distributed according to needs of each individual hence no chance of creating income and wealth inequalities in society; it exercises fairness and equality. The capitalist system is driven by self interest of the actors in the economy. Due to profit maximization objective by businessmen, they are not able to provide essential goods and services that do not make profit such as education and health (Grant, 6). On the other hand, the communist state is involved in provision of resources to all. It thus provides public and merit goods to the society among othe r goods hence individuals in a communist economy benefit from improved public transport, education, and health among others (Leslie, 223). The state also subsidizes basic foodstuffs thus making them affordable to all members of the society unlike in capitalist states where one’s income determines the bundle of goods to buy. Schwartz (292) argues that individuals in a communist state work according to ability. Thus, each individual who is of working age is given a job depending on the skills he/she possesses but the resources obtained are shared among the society according to the needs of each household. The economy hence operates at near or full employment, unemployment

Car belt design Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Car belt design - Assignment Example PLA material is bio plastic material that is mostly sourced from the bio materials having sugars in the form of form of starch and cellulose. It is 100% bio degradable material. The fibres derived from the PLA material can easily replace the nylon in cases where nylon is used extensively. Moreover, PLA material can replace the poly vinyl can be used to manufacture surgical as well as common use polythene bags. It requires less temperature to be converted in any form. The common type of material available as biodegradable plastic is poly lactic acid (PLA). However, the material available for the use is made up of poly-L-lactide (PLLA) that appears after the polymerization of L, L-lactide and PLA. The crystallization percentage of the PLA is about 37%. It achieves glass transition state at about 60- 85 o C. It melts at about 178 o C and the average tensile modulus is about 2.7–16 GPa. In pure condition, PLA can resist a temperature of about 110 o C. However, as the purity is altered heat resistance as well as abrasion resistance can be enhanced. PLA has the similar mechanical properties as compared to that of Polyethylene terephthalate (PETE). PLA can be turned into fibres of required length and diameter with the help of similar process used for the other thermo plastic materials. The process is often named as melt spinning process that converts melted. The most advantageous feature of the PLA is the bio-degradability of the material. Once the belt attains its age in car or other vehicle, the feature of biodegradability is much important as it decomposes the material naturally and does not bother the environment (Niaounakis, 2013, 161). Blending other polymers into the PLA enhances its heat resistivity. Other bio plastics like poly-D-lactide can be mixed with the PLA or PLLA to enhance the heat resistivity. The mixing of the other compounds can be altered according to the application. If ratio of the poly-D-lactide and PLA become 1:1,

What are the starting activities that the Municipality of XXXX in Research Proposal

What are the starting activities that the Municipality of XXXX in Cyprus need to manage in order to implement successfully Citizen Relationship Management - Research Proposal Example It makes for greater convenience, accountability and reliability on part of a public organization to its citizens. This concept has yet to develop fully in Cyprus. European policymakers hope CzRM would be implemented in all governments to improve overall operations. Although CzRM has been implemented in other regions of Europe, the local authorities of Cyprus are in initial stages of investigating it for their own communities. That is one reason why conducting an investigation of the feasibility of CzRM for the Municipality of Ayia Napa in Cyprus is so important. The aim of this research project will be to suggest to the Municipality of Ayia Napa a list of starting activities for the successful implementation of CzRM according to their existing conditions and needs. These results will help the Municipality of Ayia Napa implement CzRM to increase their effective efficiency. It will ultimately help guide other municipalities in Cyprus because of developmental and operational similarities. There are challenges in CzRM system development. One is interpersonal. Niehoff and Moorman found that direct observation negatively influenced a group’s overall opinions of the monitor but positively affected their opinions of his or her fairness (1993). The other is procedural. According to Lytras, CzRM requires in-depth analysis of infrastructures and knowledge processes (2006). Nevertheless, Thai Government has studied this new stage in participative democracy. They promoted participation through e-forums. (Komolrit 2004). CitiStat is a method of data collection and analysis including behavioral feedback to help city administrators coordinate compartmentalized efforts. Ultimately, it is a technology augmenting management practice including citizens in optimizing participation CzRM connect online portals, electronic case management, call centers, physical one-stop service centers and CRM software (Schellong 2008). Participating municipalities can be in different stages

English class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

English class - Essay Example Thus, the article finds that a general apprehension exists that video games cause violent behavior in children. However, the article challenges this contention as it does not seem tenable, though it concedes to the notion that to a certain extent, video games may impact children’s behavior. The article focuses on the premise that video games contain a lot of violence, bloodshed, objectification of females and sexual content. However, it emphasizes a more significant concern that viewing experience in the media, in terms of audio visual components, are â€Å"extraordinarily life like, and these effects can be particularly striking in violent games† (1). It also concedes to the fact that despite the existence of rating systems by the ESRB, children disregard the classification and even those below 13 years watch the content that is permissible to those in the age group of 17. The article also refers to research studies that â€Å"lend credence to concerns about the impact of violent video games† (3). However, this does not prove that games such as GTA cause violent behavior in children. The article, further, challenges this concept by arguing that there is â€Å"little or no evidence to support any of these theories† which purport that violence in th e video games such as GTA can provoke violent behavior in children (2). I believe that exposure to violent media or video games alone cannot make children to indulge in violent behavior. My research premise is based on the concept that many factors such as genetic framework, social circumstances, psychological reasons etc cause violent behaviors in humans. Therefore, children who possess any such specific traits or who remain exposed to any of the causative elements, stand the chance of displaying violent behavior. I do not agree with the evidence based on a study among 1254 students, which indicates that violent games cause aggression in children. It claims that those who play games are â€Å"more likely than their

Basic Concepts and Theories of Modern Architecture Research Paper

Basic Concepts and Theories of Modern Architecture - Research Paper Example As modern architecture is displayed in society, it is able to create an impact on the philosophies and understanding that is a part of every community. The beginning of modern architecture is one that was initially defined by the Greeks and Plato, with the belief that architecture that influenced or changed visual understanding and impact was considered modern. The most recent definition of modern architecture; however, began in the 1850s with the emergence of the industrial revolution and the movement into World War I. The concept that was used with modern architecture became influenced through the avant-garde movement, which began to create theories based on experimentation and influences through the breaking of boundaries and traditional forms of architecture. The theories that were created from the avant-garde included changes that directly impacted the technical, economic and social understanding through alternative philosophies. Moving outside of the mainstream and expected demands of popular culture then became the basis of modern architecture and the avant-garde movement. The movement was defined specifically by altering, c hanging or disregarding the expectations within architecture and the buildings that were a part of this. Instead, architecture was used as an expression of art and the society that surrounded this (Benevolo, 1977).   The concept of experimentation and the modern architecture that has followed this is further defined by the approach that many architects have used for contemporary methods of buildings.   An important aspect of this is the idea of sophisticated technology.   Combining this with the architecture that it is used for practicality, function, and design has become an important component in architecture.

A Short History and Summary of the Current Conditions in Chile and Its Geographical Situation Essay Example for Free

A Short History and Summary of the Current Conditions in Chile and Its Geographical Situation Essay Chile is a country situated on the west coast of South America. It is also known as The Republic of Chile. The size of Chile is 289,112 square miles with a width of less than 100 miles. It is basically a little larger than Texas. Chile is divided into three main parts, mainland and two territorial islands named Isla Sala y Gomez and Easter. Chile has an interesting history and it has seen many ups and downs in its economic development (Hudson, 1994). A description of the history of the 20th century of Chile and its current economic and political situation is presented below. The history of the 20th century of Chile is mainly focused on its entrance to the parliamentary system and thus it saw the changes in its political situation. In the beginning of the 20th century, Chile was stable despite of having lesser power in the hands of presidents. During this time, congress selected the president for the country. The presidents of this century mainly includes: German Riesco Errazuriz, Pedro Montt, Ramon Barros Luco, and Juan Luis Sanfuentes. During the 1920’s, there was an increasing gap between the middle class and lower class of society (Bizzarro, 1987). Due to this gap, the masses were dissatisfied and they called a new leader, Arturo Alessandri Palma, who brought the system of election for the selection of president. He brought other changes as well such as compulsory primary education and separation between the church and state. After a few months’ service of Alessandri, Carlos Ibanez came into power and promoted public works and industry; however, he is known as a military dictator. Electoral Democracy was there during the years of 1931 to 1971 in Chile. After a period of uncertainty in Chile, Alessandri came into power again. Alessandri ruled Chile almost like a dictator and restored the power of Constitution of 1925. Considering the presidency elections of 1958, it is found that there were three candidates and all were from different types of people. They were conservative, Christian Democrat, and Socialist (Zanartu, Kennedy, 1969). Jorge Alessandri Rodriguez won the election of 1858 and maintained a stable situation in Chile. Alessandri was sensible and with his ability to maintain the economic and political situation, he put a halt to the inflation in Chile; thus, contributed in the economic development of the nation. In 1964, Frei defeated Allende again. Frei was a Christian Democrat and took control over the copper industry of Chile. In the next elections, Allende came into power with his socialist view. Allende was the first elected Marxist in Chile. Allende brought new policies and changed the existing policies; such as, he finished the nationalization of the copper firms of the United States, nationalized banks, and sped up land distribution in the country. Some leaders in Chile were against the socialists programs of Allende. In 1973, with the help of the U.  S. , a military coup ousted Allende (after which he committed suicide). After Allende, Pinochet ruled untill 1990. He was mainly focused on privatization and returned the banks, factories and lands to the private owners, and put strict economic and social condition on the people of Chile (Weil, 1969). Overall, it can be said that Chile saw many different leaders in the history of the 20th century and developed in many directions. Current economic and political situation of Chile is described below in the paper. The Economic Situation During the 1970’s Chile saw the economic growth, but in the next decade it experienced recession. Pinochet was the president of Chile and he put some strict economic conditions on Chileans. Looking at the current economic condition of Chile, it can be said that it is a growing and prosperous economy. The government of Chile has a played an important role in the economic development of Chile. Peso is the official currency of the country. The government has intervened many times in the financial market of Chile to control the economic situation of the nation and promoted the social spending (Loveman, 1988). According to the current economic condition, the total GDP of Chile is U. S. $ 268. 3 billion and its GDP growth is 5%. Inflation in the country is 4 to 5% and its main industries include copper, iron, lithium, fish processing, foodstuffs, wood and woods products, cement, textile, etc. (Thomas White International, 2013). It is already discussed above that culture and history of Chile has affected the economic development of the country many times and its reflection can be seen in the economic system of Chile. Chile has seen both growth and recession (with the different economic treatments of its presidents) It is currently able to manage a decrease in the foreign debt and open for the foreign investment. The Current Political Situation The current political system of Chile is also stable. It is nation with multiparty. The country has three branches of executive, legislative, and judiciary. The cxecutive branch selects the president for the country and the legislative branch has two houses named Chamber of Deputies and Senate. The Supreme Court and other lower courts come under the judiciary system. There are many political parties involved in the Chilean Government and they are trying to maintain the social and economic condition of the country (Kelleher Klein, 2011). Analysis and Conclusions Concluding the paper it can be said that Chile has now become an important part of the global economy with its growing industries. Due to many changes in its political atmosphere in the 20th century, Chile faced many challenges in its economic development as it saw growth as well as recession. In 1990, the democratic government was again brought into Chile. A Christian democrat Eduardo Frei won the election in 1993. Currently, the condition of Chile is stable. Chile is facing some challenges in its development of having some problems between the military and the government. Also, there is a belief in the people of Chile that the income inequality is getting worse. Apart from the economic problems, the people of Chile are facing the problems of natural disaster. A devastating earthquake has affected the economic condition of Chilean. The newly elected president of Chile, Sebastian Pinera, is trying to control the challenges that the country is facing (Cynthia Crabtree, 2010).

Care for children Essay Example for Free

Care for children Essay ‘’Child care (or childcare, child minding, daycare,or preschool) is the caring for and supervision of a child or children, usually from newborn to age thirteen. Child care is the action or skill of looking after children by a day-care centre, babysitter, or other providers. Child care is a broad topic covering a wide spectrum of contexts, activities, social and cultural conventions, and institutions. The majority of child care institutions that are available require that child care providers have extensive training in first aid and are CPR certified. In addition, background checks, drug testing, and reference verification are normally a requirement Family child care In home care is known as family child care it typically is provided by nannies, au pairs, or friends and family. The child is watched inside their own home or the caregivers home, reducing exposure to outside children and illnesses. Depending on the number of children in the home, the children utilizing in-home care enjoy the greatest amount of interaction with their caregiver, forming a close bond. There are no required licensing or background checks for in-home care, making parental vigilance essential in choosing an appropriate caregiver. Nanny and au pair services provide certified caregivers and the cost of in-home care is the highest of childcare options per child, though a household with many children may find this the most convenient and affordable option. Many nannies study towards childcare qualifications. This means they are trained to create a safe and stimulating environment for your child to enjoy and thrive in. Typically, au pairs or nannies provide more than routine child care, often assisting with daily household activities, including running errands, shopping, doing laundry, fixing meals, and cleaning house. Centre-based care[edit] Commercial care centres also known as daycares are open for set hours, and provide a standardized and regulated system of care for children. Parents may choose from a commercial care centre close to their work, and some companies offer care at their facilities. Active children may thrive in the educational activities provided by a quality commercial care centre, but according to the National Centre for Early Development and Learning, children from low quality centres may be significantly less advanced in terms of vocabulary and reading skills. [1] Classes are usually largest in this type of care, ratios of children to adult caregivers will vary according to state licensing requirements. Some positives of commercial care are children gain independence, academic achievement and socialization. Informal care[edit] Informal childcare is a variation of childcare that utilizes family members as a childcare system, for example grandparents and siblings. Informal childcare is an especially inexpensive form of childcare, and is utilized typically by those who are considered poor. Parents may need to utilize informal care for a variety of reasons. Typically informal childcare is necessary for families who do not have enough funds to finance placing their children in a more expensive child care facility. Those low income families are also more apt to work longer hours on an irregular and inflexible schedule, which ultimately makes using a childcare facility that has regular business hours unlikely’’ Taken from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Child_care#Family_child_care ‘’Childminders are Ofsted registered professional daycarers who look after children in their own homes. They offer a flexible service, caring for children aged from birth to sixteen years. They are only allowed to look after upto six children between the ages birth to eight (including their own). They can have more children if they work in partnership with other childminders or assistants. The service offered is unique to each family’s needs and many childminders provide evening, weekend and school holiday cover. All childminders will have completed a training course including paediatric first aid. Nanny/Home childcarers are carers, which look after children in the family home. They can fit in with unusual hours and working patterns. They can register with Ofsted on the Voluntary register, to allow families to take advantage of tax credits. This however is not compulsory. Day Nurseries can care for children aged from birth to five years and usually offer day care from 8am to 6pm, for most of the year. All day nurseries will be registered with Ofsted and inspected regularly. You can view inspection reports by visiting www. ofsted. gov. uk They can be run by private individuals, community groups, Montessori organisations, commercial businesses or by employers. Private Nursery Schools (aka Private Independent Schools) are owned privately and can offer sessional or full day care to children aged two to five. Some schools can offer a particular educational approach, for example Montessori. They may operate only during term-time or could open all year. They could be registered with Ofsted or the ISI (Independent School Directorate) (LEA) Maintained Nursery Schools offer full and part-time early years education places, typically between school hours. They are attached to primary schools. A child can attend for a full or half day. Nursery schools may also offer childcare after school (see out of school clubs). Pre-schools and playgroups offer care to children in their local community, either as a morning or afternoon session or as extended sessions including lunch. They are often run by voluntary groups but can also be run by private individuals. They care for children aged from two to five years and are usually open during term time. They differ from day nurseries in that they offer sessional based care and admit children from the age of two years old. They can be registered with Ofsted or unregistered. Independent Schools are owned privately and cater for children aged from three to sixteen. The schools are registered with Ofsted or the ISI but make their own arrangements concerning staff numbers qualifications and curriculum. If the school participates in the Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) curriculum, it will be inspected by Ofsted. Out of School Clubs (aka Play Centres) provide safe and stimulating play opportunities for school age children at times when schools are not open. They can operate before school in the mornings, from the end of the school day and at the end of the working day, throughout the school holidays, or a combination of all three. They typically cater for children aged four to fifteen but some non-RBKC run clubs might look after younger children.

Malignant Hyperthermia Treatment Case Study

Malignant Hyperthermia Treatment Case Study In this scenario, there is a 35 year old female patient who develops malignant hyperthermia during surgery. Malignant hyperthermia is an uncommon pharmacogeneric disorder that leads to the hypermetabolic reactions of the skeletal muscle. [Ben Abraham, et al, 1998, Britt, 1985, Hopkins, 2008]. Age, type of anesthetic, environmental temperature, mitigating drugs administered simultaneously and degree of stress play an important role in triggering malignant hyperthermia. [Ording, 1985]. Primarily, potent inhalation anesthetic agents and depolarizing muscle relaxants such as succinylcholine are the major triggering factor amongst all the triggering factors. Malignant hyperthermia can happen at any time during surgery especially after the induction of the anesthetic and in the early postoperative period. Besides that, there is a tendency of the recurrent of malignant hyperthermia as well. Even though hypermetabolic reaction of skeletal muscle will cause hyperthermia and rhabdomyolysis but fever is not the earliest symptom of malignant hyperthermia. The earliest signs and symptoms of malignant hyperthermia are increase in the end-expired carbon dioxide concentration (EtCO2), tachycardia and muscle rigidity (especially when succinylcholine is given). [Britt, 1985]. Furthermore, the late sign of malignant hyperthermia is elevation of the body temperature. [Ali et al, 2003; Britt,1985].The other signs and symptoms are unstable blood pressure, tachypnea, hyperkalemia and arrhythmia. According to Hogan, 1998 the estimated incidence of malignant hyperthermia during anesthesia in North America and Europe is 1:15000 anesthetics for children and adolescents and 1:50000- 1:150000 anesthetics for adults. [Hogan, 1998].All ethnic groups are affected with malignant hyperthermia and males are more prone to be affected compared to female. [Britt, 1976; Hopkins, 2008]. The mortality was around 80% thirty years ago and has been reduced to less than 10% with the introduction of the muscle relaxant dantrolene sodium, widespread education and clinical and research investigation. [Ali, 2003; MacLennan, 1990] Malignant hyperthermia is an inherited disorder where the calcium channel that mediates the excitation contraction coupling in skeletal muscle is mutated. As a result, the calcium channel is very sensitive to the anesthetic agents [Hopkins, 2008]. This will lead to the uncontrolled release of cytoplasmic calcium from the sarcroplasmic reticulum upon the induction of anesthetic agents [Hopkins, 2008; Rosenberg et al. 2004]. As a matter of fact, there is a continued interaction between actin and myosin with sustained muscle contraction [Hopkins, 2008; Rosenberg et al. 2004]. The manifestation of the signs and symptoms of malignant hyperthermia can be explained by the increased release of the calcium. At first, this mechanism is compensated by the resequestion of calcium, which has lead to the breakdown of the adenosine trisphosphate (ATP) [Hopkins, 2008; Rosenberg et al. 2004]. This will cause the stimulation of the metabolism and results in increased oxygen consumption, heat and carbo n dioxide production. The breakdown of the ATP causes the release of the potassium into the extracellular fluid results in hyperkalemia and this will lead to the development of cardiac arrhythmias. Besides that, the continuous contraction of the skeletal muscle due to the breakdown of the ATP will lead to the further production of heat. As a result, there will be a further increase of oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide and lactic acid production, which, will lead to metabolic acidosis [Britt, 1985; Hopkins, 2008; Rosenberg et al. 2004]. In addition, the increase of the production of heat will also increase the contractility of the skeletal muscle hence further worsening the rhabdomyolysis process. If malignant hyperthermia is untreated, it might lead to vital organ dysfunction, acute renal failure, disseminated intravascular coagulation, congestive heart failure and even death. In this scenario, since the patient developed malignant hyperthermia during surgery, thereby the management of malignant hyperthermia can be divided into emergency treatment and postoperative treatment. When there is an acute development of malignant hyperthermia during surgery, all triggering agents have to be discontinued and the patient has to be hyperventilated with 100% oxygen to lower the end tidal CO2 immediately. This is followed by administration of 2.5mg/kg dantrolene sodium intravenously every 5 minute until the signs and symptoms of malignant hyperthermia are under controlled. [Morgan et al. 2006]. The dose of dantrolene can be titrated up to 10mg/kg. [Gronert et al., 1976; Harrison, 1988]. The monitoring of blood gases, all serum electrolytes, muscle enzyme such as cretine kinase, clotting profile, blood and urine for myoglobin, blood glucose, lactate and urea nitrogen must be carried out frequently during the surgery. Sodium bicarbonate should be given to correct the me tabolic acidosis to the normal level. In addition, patient has to be closed monitored and anti-arrhythmic except calcium channel blocker can be given for arrhythmias. Cooling measures have to be initiated if there is the present of hyperthermia. Ice packs to groin, axilla, and neck, cooling blanket, and nasogastric lavage with iced solution can be used to cooling down the patient. The cooling measures have to be stop if the body temperature is at 38.5oC. In order to treat myoglobinaemia and thus acute prevent renal failure urine output and urine pH should be greater than 3ml/kg/h and pH7 respectively. [Hopkins, 2008]. This diuresis can be achieved by hydrating the patient with crystalloid solutions together with mannitol (0.3g/kg) and furosemide (0.5-1.0mg/kg). [Hopkins, 2008; Mary, 1998]. Hyperkalaemia which is life threatening can be treated with glucose, insulin, intravenous calcium and intravenous potassium chloride. [Britt, 1979; Hopkins, 2008]. Once the surgery is finished, the patient has to be moved to intensive care unit or recovery room until malignant hyperthermia is under controlled and the patient should be monitored closely. Since it is possible for the recrudescence of malignant hyperthermia, dantrolene should be continued giving to patient for at least 48 hours. [Flewellen, 1983; Rosenberg, 2004]. Several laboratory tests such as blood gases, electrolytes, coagulation profile, muscle enzyme, blood and urine for myoglobin should be assessed more frequently. [Hopkin, 2008]. At first, besides dantrolene, procainamide/ procaine was recommended to treat malignant hyperthermia. The use of procainamide/ procaine was due to the successful studies carried out by Harrison, 1971, Denborough, 1972 and Noble, 1973. The study carried out by Harrison, 1971 showed a successful treatment of malignant hyperthermia with large dose of intravenous procaine in 2 out of 5 Landrace pigs. However, the study from Gronert, 1976 showed that the recommendation dose of procaine/ procainamide was ineffective in preventing malignant hyperthermia of the 20 susceptible pigs. Study compared the effectiveness of dantrolene and procainamide conducted by Nelson, 1979 showed that procainamide did not block the contracture response to halothane and it is ineffective for therapeutic and as prophylaxis of malignant hyperthermia. Procainamide or procaine was not been used after all. Harrison, 1975 demonstrated that dantrolene can relax muscle rigor in pigs with malignant hyperthermia and ceased the excessive heat and acid production. The study showed 100% survival rate in the last seven of eight experiments. Besides that, based on Britt, 1984 that 79 patients who received dantrolene therapy showed a significant 16.56% reduction in mortally (p Dantrolene is now the only known therapeutic agent used to treat malignant hyperthermia. Dantrolene is a diphenylhydantoin derivative that is highly lipid soluble but poorly water soluble. [PMJ GG Harrison]. Dantrolene can be administered by oral route or intravenous route. Roughly, 70% of dantrolene is absorbed with the peak plasma concentration reached in 6 hours following the ingestion of dantrolene by mouth. From the experiment performed by Harrison 1975, oral dantrolene was effective in treating procaine malignant hyperthermia. Nevertheless, there is a great variation in the plasma concentration for the oral dantrolene especially in children. Dantrolene is formulated as lyophilized orange powder, which comprises of dantrolene sodium, mannitol and sodium chloride. These contents are dissolved in water to yield a solution with the pH of 9.5 for intravenous injection. Moreover, the additional of the mannitol is to improve the solubility since dantrolene is poorly water soluble and mannitol also acts as diuresis, which prevent the deleterious effects of myoglobinaemia. The biological elimination half life of dantrolene is 12 hours. As a result, after 12 hours the plasma concentration of dantrolene will be 4.2ÂÂÂ µg/ml with the administration of 2.4mg/kg body weight of dantrolene intravenously. [Allen et al, 1988; Muehlschlegel Sims, 2009]. Dantrolene is mainly metabolized in the liver through oxidation and reduction reaction. Oxidation and reduction of the dantrolene result in the production 5-hydroxydantrolene and aminodantrolene respectively. Aminodantrolene will then undergo acetylation leads to the formation of reduced acetylated derivative of dantrolene. The metabolites of the dantrolene are excreted in urine and bile with 79% of 5-hydroxydantrolene, 17% reduced acetylated derivative of dantrolene and 4% of the dose is excreted unchanged in the urine. [Dykes, 1975; Lietman et al, 1974]. Moreover, it has been stated that the metabolites of dantr olene especially 5-hydroxydantrolene has some muscle relaxant activity. [Ellis Wessels, 1978; Ali et al, 2003]. According to Malignant Hyperthermia Association (MHAUS) the recommended dosage of dantrolene is approximately 2-3mg/kg. [Schulte-Sasse]. It had been stated by Flewellen Nelson 1980 that, 95% of the skeletal muscle of swine was depressed with the administration of 3.5mg/kg dantrolene intravenously. In addition, clinical study showed that administration of 2.4mg/kg of dantrole intravenously was able to depress 75% of the skeletal muscle in human. [Flewellen et al., 1983]. The dose was proved to be effective in the treatment of malignant hyperthermia.[ Hall et al, 1980; Kolb et al, 1982]. Thus, for acute malignant hyperthermia crisis, 2.4mg/kg of intravenous dantrolene is effective in life-saving of treating malignant hyperthermia. [Harrison 1988; Allen et al. 1988; Flewellen et al., 1983]. The single dose of oral dantrolene that is currently given to patient is 1-2mg/kg four times a day.[ Pandit et al, 1979; Fitzgibbons, 1981]. However, it was found that this recommended dose of oral d antrolene was not effective in preventing malignant hyperthermia in human. [Fitzgibbons, 1981; Flewellen et al, 1983]. Administration of oral dantrolene has been recommended before the operation and after the malignant hyperthermia crisis to prevent the recrudescence. Besides administration oral dantrolene, dantrolene can also be given intravenously as a prophylaxis therapy after the crisis. [Flewellen et al, 1983]. The prophylactic continuous intravenous dose of dantrolene is approximately 2.4mg/kg. [Flewellen et al, 1983]. Dantrolene is a muscle relaxant, which, acts on skeletal muscle cell to inhibit the release of calcium from sarcoplasmic reticulum. This will reduce the contractility of the skeletal muscle cell. According to Ellis,1973, the relaxant action of dantrolene acted directly and specifically on skeletal muscle but did not act on cardiac and smooth muscle. Besides that, dantrolene did not have any action on central nervous system. [Harrison,1988 Ellis, 1972]. Harrison and Chapman 1982, stated that the reduction in the amount and rate of calcium release by dantrolene is effective in preventing and reversing the pathophysiology of malignant hyperthermia in patient. In the experiment carried out by Harrison, 1975 has demonstrated that administration of dantrolene will cause a relaxation of the muscle rigor, cessation of the production of heat and acid. Based on the study carried out by Nelson, 1996 dantrolene is clinically effective in the treatment of malignant hyperthermia and showed a remarkable reduction in death and syndrome associated with malignant hyperthermia. When the syndrome of malignant hyperthermia was first noticed by the world during 60s, the rate of mortality was about 80%. The increasing awareness of syndrome with resultant in earlier diagnosis and treatment markedly reduced the mortality to 28% during 70s. With the introduction of the dantrolene, the rate of mortality reduced to 7%. [Harrison, 1988]. In addition, the experiment done by Harrison, 1988 showed that 100% survival rate was achieved with the administration of dantrolene. Long term administration of dantrolene orally is associated with some side effects such as hepatotoxicity and vomiting, which sometimes may be accompanied by diarrhea. [ Faling et al, 1980; Wilkinson et al, 1979]. However, the occurrence of hepatotoxicity is rare and several studies have been failed to prove whether hepatotoxicity is due to ingestion of dantrolene orally alone. [Flewellen et al, 1983; Dykes 1975; Durham et al, 1984]. As the reconstitution solution that is formulated for intravenous injection is highly alkaline, if extravasation occur it may irritate the vein which will lead to phlebitis and tissue necrosis. Therefore, dantrolene is recommended that to be injected into the large vein via a central venous catherter.[Ward et al, 1986; Muehlschlegel Sims, 2009]. Besides that, the mannitol that added to the dantrolene powder will cause osmotic diuresis with the loss of fluids and electrolytes. This will increase the risk of the patient who has poor renal function. [Bastro n,1983]. In addition, in the experiment that carried out by Flewellen and Nelson, chronic administered of dantrolene intravenously will result in difficulty in walking especially down stair. Muscle weakness lasting up to 48hours in 12 malignant hyperthermia subjects and associated with difficulty in walking, especially down stairs. [Flewellen Nelson,1983]. In the clinical studies that performed by Flewellen and Nelson and Oikkonen and his colleagues, patients were experienced fatigue and difficulty in swallowing accompanied to the long term administration of continuous intravenous dantrolene.[ Flewellen Nelson, 1983; Oikkonen et al, 1987]. The other common side effects of administered of dantrolene are dizziness, light-headedness, drowsiness, weakness, malaise and nausea. [Ward et al, 1986; Dkyes, 1975]. There is an adverse interaction of dantrolene when co-administration with verapamil. Co-administration of dantrolene and verapamil will cause hyperkalaemia and depression of the cardiac contractility. [Rubin Zablocki,1987; Saltzman et al, 1984]. The studies carried out by Lynch and colleagues and Saltzman and colleagues stated that administered dantrolene and verapamil concomitantly will cause remarkable hyperkaelemia and cardiac depression in dogs and swine. [ Saltzman et al, 1984; Lynch et al, 1986]. However, not all the calcium channel blockers will cause hyperkaleamia and the depression of cardiac contractility. Neither nifedipine nor amlodipine has significant of hyperkalaemia and depression of cardiac contractility when given together with dantrolene. [Freysz, 1996; Saltzman et al, 1984]. Besides having adverse effects and adverse interaction, another disadvantage of dantrolene is its cost. Dantrolene is an expensive drug, for intravenous dantrolene, it costs ÂÂ £15.08 per 20mg vial. As it is a huge amount of dantrolene are needed for immediate use, this has became an issue for some hospitals when purchase the dantrolene as dantrolene is very expensive especially intravenous dantrolene and dantrolene has a limited shelf life of 18 months to 2 years. [Allen et al, 1988; Hall, 1980]. In conclusion, malignant hyperthermia is uncommon life-threatening inherited disorder of the muscle cells. A sudden hypermetabolic reaction of the skeletal muscle when exposed to potent volatile anaesthetics and depolarizing muscle relaxants such as succinylcholine will endanger the patient by causing hyperthermia and massive rhabdomyolysis. Studies showed that appropriate dose intravenous dose of dantrolene is effective in treating patient during acute malignant hyperthermia crisis. Thus, 2.4mg/kg of dantrolene should be given intravenously during acute malignant hyperthermia crisis and continue giving 2.4mg/kg dantrolene after the crisis for 48 hours to avoid recrudescence of malignant hyperthermia. Besides, hypermetabolic reaction and the mortality rate of malignant hyperthermia can be reduced by taking precautions and increasing the awareness of patient who is malignant hyperthermia susceptible. With appropriate counseling, pre-operative screening and intraoperative monitoring th e vital signs and symptoms of malignant hyperthermia can prevent the potential lethal complications arise.

The Validity Of Essiac As a Cure For Breast Cancer :: Biology Health Medicine Essays

The Validity Of Essiac As a Cure For Breast Cancer Doctors continue to study breast cancer, one of the leading causes of death in women, in attempt to find an all out cure. More and more women are diagnosed with breast cancer each year. In 1995, an estimated 182,000 women in the United States were diagnosed, of which 10% to 15% were already locoregionally advanced (Ames et al, 1996). Breast cancer has been plaguing women since 1600 B.C. where it was treated with such methods as amputation or by burning the lesion (Eberlein, 1994). A variety of supposed panaceas have been proposed as cures, however, the most modern technology and research has identified three main modalities in the treatment of cancer: surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. These modalities are most advantageous in ridding the body of cancer and prolonging life as noted in key research studies. THE SEVEN MOST COMMONLY USED, MEDICALLY ADVANCED PROCEDURES FOR ERADICATING BREAST CANCER While doctors do not completely disregard homeopathic cures as cancer treatments, due to the cell's high rate of metastasis, time is most definitely of the essence. Numerous medical journal studies have alluded to seven specific procedures for combating a neoplasm of the breast. The Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center backs up this assertion and explains the procedures on their home page at (http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/opa/cancer.html). Of the seven treatments, a MODIFIED RADIAL MASTECTOMY is the most prevalent treatment of early identified breast cancer and the most favored by physicians. This procedure includes the full removal of the breast, underarm lymph nodes and the lining of the chest muscles. Seldom used today, but a common procedure of the past, a RADICAL MASTECTOMY was also an option recommended for women, entailing a removal of the entire breast, chest muscles, all underarm lymph nodes, and additional fat and skin. The TOTAL and SIMPLE MASTECTOMIES, yet another scientifical ly worthwhile option in the fight against breast cancer, involve the removal of only the breast, and sometimes a removal of a few underarm lymph nodes closest to the breast to check if the cancer has begun to spread to other parts of the woman's body. PARTIAL and SEGMENTAL MASTECTOMIES remove the malignant tumor as well as a wedge of normal tissue surrounding the tumor, including some skin and the lining of the chest muscle below the tumor, again checking for metastasis. Slightly newer, more advanced treatments involve directly targeting the cancerous tumor, including extra prophylactic measures.

The Faerie Queene Essay examples -- Literary Analysis, Spencer

Edmund Spenser’s epic poem The Faerie Queene is well known as an allegorical work, and the poem is typically read in relation to the political and religious context of the time. The term allegory tends to be loosely defined, rendering a whole work an extended metaphor, or even implying â€Å"any writing in verse or prose that has a double meaning†(Cuddon 20). In true Spenserian style, with everything having double meanings, both uses of the term allegory are applicable to his writing. Thus, during the course of this essay it is best not to think of allegory in terms of the size of a body of writing, but as writing with a â€Å"second distinct meaning partially hidden behind its literal or visible meaning†(Baldick 6). Whilst reading for political and religious allegory is key in understanding Spenser’s message, reading for moral allegory also provides readers with detailed insight into the text. It is because of this that I have chosen to focus not only on political and religious allegory but also the moral allegory that accompanies episodes in Book One focused on Una and Duessa. The two characters represent a multitude of allegories; truth and falseness, and Protestantism and Catholicism being the most prominent. Una and Duessa represent a binary opposition, and it is because of this that they help to produce a wealth of allegory when read closely. The characters represent conflicting ideas, yet neither of which would be conceivable without the other . Both characters can only function in the poem when supported by one another, if one character were to be removed, the binary opposition would be removed and the allegory drawn from either Una or Duessa would be less productive. The two episodes I will be investigating are Canto I, Stanzas 4... ...ly representing someone or something more true to life. Roberts is right in saying â€Å"Spenser’s allegorical poem demands the active engagement of its reader to produce allegory†(1). Although he never permits to say it directly, he is also right in noting that close reading of The Faerie Queene provides a much broader ranger of allegory. The examined stanzas are somewhat deceptive; they are short seemingly unimportant introductions that do not contribute to plot. However, in keeping with the true double nature of Spenser’s writing they contribute so much more than that to the text. Spenser uses the stanzas as a gateway for us to begin our study of his characters. Each close reading provides the reader with a different allegory, and it is through these multiple interpretations that Spenser manages to reveal part of his overall political, religious, and moral messages.

The Great Gatsby Essay examples -- The Great Gatsby F. Scott Fitzgeral

The Great Gatsby The Characters in the book are static characters because everything that happens to them does not affect how they act on any permanent basis. Gatsby’s personality never changes from his smug, rich, party host for more than a hour or two. Tom and daisy Buchanan never stop fighting but, at the same time, never try to end their relationship because of it. Nick tries to become a big city man but never changes from his middle American farm boy ways. The Characters never change from their basic views and idiosyncrasies throughout the progress of the book. Gatsby’s personality never changes from his smug, rich, party host for more than a hour or two. the only time his attitude changes from this is when he sees Daisy for the first time in five years and when Daisy le...

Literature and Cinema Essay

Life is a Theme of Literature, Literature is the expression of Life. Life fashions Literature and Literature moulds Life. The intimate relation between Literature and Cinema is one of the common place truths which have been illustrated again and again, both Social and literary life history. Literature is the most fascinating creation of a literary artist based on the style and stategy of life. Life and reality are the basics of Literature. It’s a product of creation of a literary artist, accompanied with his theoretical and practical knowledge, intellect, thoughts and imagination, where an artist creates his own animated world with realistic events and incidents. As through the words of Mathew Arnold â€Å" Literature is the best record that is thought and Known in the world†, in the words of Satyajit â€Å"Literature was another avenue for the expression of his creative talents†. Cinema, an art of showing life of human beings and the respective happenings in life, which literature glorifies, not only the actual occurances but also reflects in an idealized form, the standards of social thought and morality. Cinema/Movies, the most remarkable, illuminating & fascinating discovery of Science and Technology, where the credit goes to the American scientist ‘Thomas Alva Edison’. The tone of literature changes with the stages of society, life style and the respective incidents, which portrayted & given a clear view by means of perfect moulding in mode of Films. These film/Vedio tapes are chosen out of the American experimental tradition to exemplify the various techniques of marrying the two arts â€Å"Literature & Cinema†. Every natural incident before the poet, around him, in world is the only source of utterance, arouses out his inspiration & his creative energy that rests upon the core of reality. This what further transformed into poems, speeches, songs and novels respectively. The poet presents his skillfulness, an admirable creation of his imagination and fancy in the mind of the readers, but in Later Middle Ages with the growth and development of drama led the people to exemplify another form of art, their intense fascination on gestures and acting, Various forms of drama were performed based on different scripts gives a clear evidence from the popularity of â€Å"Miracle† and â€Å"Morality† plays and â€Å"Interludes† before the advent of Elizabeathan drama and playwrights. The dramatic performances were based on antiphonal singing, dialogues were written and the possibilities were in Roman Catholic Church, with the advent of Elizabeathan drama, various plays of Shakespeare, Marlowe, Dickens and others followed, enriching the English literature. Considering the nature of work of literature can be comprehended by means of two stages, the art of reading and the art of showing, in which the later transforms poetry, novels, short stories into Cinema. The major distinction between them lies as poetry belonging to the art of utterance, while cinema/movies the art of showing, but on the whole they both don’t make easily a good couple. These films and the vedio makers have taken up the challenge anyway to make a way of responding the poet’s work, creating original cinematic writing, gradually leading to the magical, amusing world of entertainment and the fantasy in films. Cinema, A proportionate to the style of language as when a novel, short story transformed into a film, the first note worthy part comes the script. The script writer may or may not mould down the language of the novel in order to make an easy communication and understanding to the audience, mainly applicable in commercial films. In case of commercial films the novel or short story may be taken as a script but it may be modified according to the flavour of audience. The director Overrules the whole cinematographic sequence and drives away his workshop, tackling all barriers, creating a view of life and reality, giving a colourful portraiture of a dream world mingling with comic and tragic sequences with distinct and dancing, stepping on toes, wooing each other with charms of mouth, eye and mind. Finally ending with an admirable climax. Thus listening and reading a poet’s work is equally proportional to viewing and listening film maker’s work. Infact, Movies/Films are a director’s medium, as they reflect director’s own vision and his thoughts, but a fact acts as a contradiction and though debateable, how can a cinema be its truly literaray genius ? As when a great work of literature is adopted and placed on the screen by a director, whether it will be true or equal to the writer’s vision, as while transforming it into a celluloid. With the inception of Cinema, Literature has attracted all the creative film makers, pioneers in the world of cinema such as Pramathesh Barua, Debaki Basu have based their films on the eminent works of Sarat Chatterjee, Tarashankar Bandhopadhyay and others. Satyajit Ray’s â€Å"Pather Panchali† was the first which brought International Acclaim, was wholly based on the great work of literature of Bibhuti Bhusan Bandhopadhayay, Other than his Imaginative Creation Of Feluda, a Private Investigator, His nephew and literary artist Jatayu, together making â€Å"The Three Musketeers†, roaming different places, solving cases purely based on intellect also placed on the screen- â€Å"Sonar Kella†[The Golden Fortress], Joy Baba Felunath [Mystery of the Elephant God] and many more. His Creation Of Professor Shonku a Scientific, mystery thriller and Tarini Khuro, an adventurous, mystery sequence bring us to his imagination, art and literacy. Film Meastro Tapan Sinha in his film â€Å"Kabuliwallah†, which is wholly based on Tagore’s story, have also struck the writer’s vision. Eminent film makers as Mrinal Sen, Kumar Shahani and Adoor Gopala Krishnan were criticized ruthlessly when their literary works are adopted but distinguished from the original work. Mrinal Sen’s Oriya film â€Å"Matira Manusya† in 1965, the first Oriya film with an extraordinary literacy but had to face criticism due to the differentiation of literacy work with the film. Godrad and Mrinal Sen always based their films on the recreation of literacy classics. In this case the ideas and statements of the film makers get dwarfed in order to be true to the literary classics. Now lifting the veil of literary classics, there are many other eminent countless good Indian films were made simply by translating the works of Sarat Chatterjee, R. K Narayan, Banophool, Premchand, Bankim Chandra Chattopadhayay, Manik Bondhopadhayay and many more. It is indeed a credit of the director, translating these fabulous works into films by enhancing the appeal of the novel, doing a perfect justice to the writer’s work, possibly contributing a commercial support. Apart from this there are also enough contribution of the film makers of abroad. Films/Movies based on Shakesperean Comedy drama â€Å"Romeo and Juliet, â€Å"A Midsummer Night’s Dream†, â€Å"Twelfth Night†, â€Å"The Merchant Of Venice† etc. Even Shakespeare’s tragedies are transformed in Movies- ‘Macbeth’, ‘Hamlet’, ‘Othello’, ‘King Lear’ ‘Tempest’ etc. Marlowe’s ‘Edward II’, Jane Austen’s ‘Pride and Prejudice’, Milton’s ‘Paradise Lost’, Charles Dicken’s ‘Great Expectations’ and many more have been moulded and given a new look, quite popular to our present generation. Penny Gay interested in film ‘adaptation’ of classics, particularly of Shakespeare and Jane Austen: she is enthusiastic about free, imaginative, and wide-ranging rather than literalist attempts to translate these works to the screen. She has supervised several Honours dissertations in this field, and has taught a unit of study called ‘Shakespeare in the City’ which is entirely based on film versions. A close analysis on the films of Premchandra and Saratchandra, we find the characters and the situations are created in such a way, it seems it appears from modern day. Mordern world are in the urge of horror, mystery,thriller Stories, suspence thriller, brutal murders, death sequences centering round a single cause – may b a human being, living dead or alive, beasts and insects, by any cause of scientific or natural disaster, take a major role in the world of Cinema. Commertialy they usually do a huge amount of business. â€Å"Species 1& 2† shows how natural concequences takes a major part in creation of a new species, a living organism with in human beings. â€Å"Spiders and its Offsprings† â€Å"Arachnophobia†, Eight legged Freaks† gives a proper evidence of how a simple carelessness can turn into a terror of death, an unstoppable end. Similarly in movie â€Å"Final Destination†It is seen a different style of terror resulting death and its consequent horrors, with a superb touch of realism, blood hell and unyielding spirit of revenge paralysed the audience with terror. Mrinal Sen said â€Å"Cinema is never overawed by Literature† as he never based his films on any literary piece of work nor he translated any literary work into films, but he never moved away from literature. The Joyous elements of literature always attracted his vision. A small synopsis of the work or novel is enough for him to produce a film, as he belived â€Å"Cinema is a joint form of art, as a new form of art, borrows ideas from the old, creating a new way out from its curves and leads the path of progress as a medium. † Kevin Bacon Says â€Å"A good director creates an environment, which gives the actor the encouragement to fly†, Hector Babenko said â€Å"Curiosity doesn’t matter any more. These days people don’t want to be transported to emotional territories where they don’t know how to react. † -Robert Bresson said â€Å"My movie is born first in my head, dies on paper; is resuscitated by the living persons and real objects I use, which are killed on film but, placed in a certain order and projected on to a screen, come to life again like flowers in water. † The Script for making a movie always comes from literature, Pratical incidents, Realism, Beauty, Nature, Romance, comedy, Tragedy, Soliloque are the common facts of both literature and cinema. Cinema is Solely indebeted to literature, either partially or completely. Though the world of literature never ends, each moment of life, makes a literary artist discover new ideas and thoughts, a debateable question, indeed both literature and cinema are interconnected to each other, Literature can turn into a Cinematic view/cinema, but a cinema can never turn into literature. To a Literary genious, Literature is a view of life, a mode of survival, thinking, communicating, expressing his thoughts, but to a Director, film the only mode of communication. A question arises whether cinema should be a true literary genius, it depends on the director as he should be given complete freedom of cinematizing the literary classics in his own view. Cinematising, creating a celluloid of the great classics of literature reflects the vision of the writer and the ideas of the director simultaneously, Still remains unquestionable Literature is bound to cinema or Cinema is bound to literature ?.

Relation Between Crime, Poverty and Education in Usa

————————————————- Statistical analysis of the relation between Crime Rate, Education and Poverty: USA, 2009 Sonarika Mahajan 100076 Research Question In this research paper, analysis is done to conclude whether the level of education and poverty influence the total crime rate in the United States of America. Using descriptive statistics such a mean, standard deviation, variance, histograms, scatter diagrams and simple linear regression analysis performed upon both independent variables separately, it can be analysed till what extent do these two independent variables, i. . education and poverty cause fluctuations upon the dependent variable, in what proportion (direct or inverse) and of the two independent variables, which is a better predictor for determining crime rate in USA. Data description [The states selected for this study are highlighted with yellow in the above ma p] The Data that is used to define our dependent variable include both, violent crime (murder and non- negligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault) as well as property crime (burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson).Crime statistics used in this study are published by FBI (Federal Bureau of Intelligence) serving as a governmental agency to the United States Department of Justice. The independent variable that comments upon the education levels in the United States of America is carried out by analysing the total number of public high school graduates per state. This data includes students of all the ethnicities for the school year 2008-2009. The education universe in this study is equivalent to the total population of the state.This data has been collected by National Centre for Education Statistics (NCES), which is the primary federal entity that collects education related data in the U. S. and other countries and analyses it. The poverty status for an individual is measured by comparing his/her income to a preset amount of dollars known as the threshold value. The poverty universe excludes children below the age of 15, people living in military barracks, institutional group quarters and college dormitories. This data is collected by the U. S. Census Bureau, serving as the most reliable source about America’s people and economy.All the data collected is cross-sectional, since it was taken during the same time period (year 2009) across different parameters. Also, the scale of measurement for these variables is the ratio scale, since the ratio between two values is meaningful and the observations are comparable to a zero value. Analysis Mean: It is the representative of a central value for a given data set, i. e. average. The mean value for crime variable suggests that in the year 2009, the percentage of crimes being reported in any state of USA was 3. 26%.The mean value for education variable suggests that the percentage of public high school graduates being reported in any state of USA was 1% for the same time period. Similarly, the mean value for the poverty variable suggests that the percentage of individuals living below the poverty line being reported in any state of USA was 13. 54%. Standard deviation & Variance: The higher the value of the standard deviation, greater is the dispersion of the data set. Out of the three variables, poverty has the highest standard deviation value of 2. 98.Therefore, the percentage of individuals below poverty level is more widely dispersed over the states as compared to the other two variables. Variance is the average of the sum of squared deviation scores. It is used to compute the standard variation since it’s a better means for determining the dispersion of data. It is measured as the square of standard deviation for any data set. Skewness: The symmetry of the variable distribution is measured by the help of this statistic. Crime rate has a skewness of 0. 083, making it a symmetrical distributed variable since the value is closer to zero. The education variable is skewed negatively at -. 67 since the variable has lower values, indicating a left skewed histogram. Whereas, poverty shows a positive skewness value of . 670 since its variables have numerous high values, which justifies the right skewness of the histogram. Simple linear regression model: a. Crime and Education – Y = Dependent variable, Crime X = Independent variable, Education. The regression model is the equation that describes how y is related to x. This regression equation is: From Table 2. 4 in appendix, the regression equation is, Crime = 6. 17 – 2. 9 (Education) This regression equation can be graphed as follows assuming ? 0 as the intercept and ? as the slope: Here the slope ? 1 is negative. Interpretation of the slope: For every 1% increase in the number of students being graduated from high school, there is a decrease of 2. 9% in crime activities in the USA. Interpretation of the intercept: Even if there is no variation in the education level, the estimated crime rate would be 6. 17%. The coefficient of determination or r2: It determines the proportion of variation in the dependent variable by the independent variable. From Table 2. 2, r2 = . 181 This states that 18. 1% of the variation in crime rate is explained by regression of education on crime.Since this value is not close to 1, it doesn’t seem to be a appropriate predictor to determine the crime rate in USA. Hypothesis testing: Ho: ? 1 = 0 (education is not a useful predictor of crime) Ha: ? 1 ? 0 (education is a useful predictor of crime) Significance level: ? = 0. 05 According to the rejection rule, the null hypothesis will be rejected if p-value ? ?. From table 2. 4, p-value = 0. 019 Since 0. 019 ? 0. 05, we reject the null hypothesis. At 95% confidence level, there is enough evidence to conclude that education is a useful predictor for crime in U SA since the slope of the regression line is not zero. b. Crime and Poverty:Y = Dependent variable, Crime X = Independent variable, Poverty. The regression equation is as follows: Plugging in the values to from Table 3. 4, get: Crime = 1. 819 + 0. 107 (Poverty) This regression equation can be graphed as follows assuming ? 0 as the intercept and ? 1 as the slope: Here the slope ? 1 is positive. Interpretation of the slope: For every 1% increase in the individuals below poverty line, there is an increase of . 11% in crime activities in the USA. Interpretation of the intercept: With the poverty level remaining constant, the estimated crime rate would be 1. 82%. The coefficient of determination or r2From Table 3. 2, r2 = . 191 This states that 19. 1% of the variation in crime rate is explained by regression of poverty on crime. Hypothesis testing: Ho: ? 1 = 0 (poverty is not a useful predictor of crime) Ha: ? 1 ? 0 (poverty is a useful predictor of crime) Significance level: ? = 0. 05 A ccording to the rejection rule, the null hypothesis will be rejected if p-value ? ?. From table 3. 4, p-value = 0. 016 Since 0. 016 ? 0. 05, we reject the null hypothesis. At 95% confidence level, there is enough evidence to conclude that poverty is a useful predictor for crime in USA since the slope of the regression line is not zero.Conclusion and recommendations From this study conducted, it is assured that the crime rate in USA is directly proportionate to the people below the poverty line and inversely proportionate to the number of high school students graduating in the year 2009. When simple linear regression was performed to both the independent variables separately, the coefficient of determination (r2) and the p-value aided our study to select the variable that was a better predictor for determining the crime rate in America. Poverty, with the significance level of 19. 1% is known to be a better predictor in this case as compared to the 18. % significance level shown by th e independent variable, education. This fact was further proved when the p-value for poverty stood at a lower amount as compared to its counterpart. Even though it can be concluded that poverty is a better predictor for crime rate in USA, the level of significance still stands at a diminutive 19. 1%. Much stronger predictors could be used for the above study. GDP, income level, provision of federal aid or employment rate could be a few options to choose amongst. Appendix Table 1. 1 Statistics for crimes reported in 30 states of USA.State| Population| Violent Crime| Property Crime| Total Crime| Percentage of Total Crime | Alabama| 47,08,708| 21,179| 1,77,629| 1,98,808| 4. 22| Alaska| 6,98,473| 4,421| 20,577| 24,998| 3. 58| Arizona| 65,95,778| 26,929| 2,34,582| 2,61,511| 3. 96| California| 3,69,61,664| 1,74,459| 10,09,614| 11,84,073| 3. 20| Colorado| 50,24,748| 16,976| 1,33,968| 1,50,944| 3. 00| Connecticut| 35,18,288| 10,508| 82,181| 92,689| 2. 63| Florida| 1,85,37,969| 1,13,541| 7,1 2,010| 8,25,551| 4. 45| Hawaii| 12,95,178| 3,559| 47,419| 50,978| 3. 94| Iowa| 30,07,856| 8,397| 69,441| 77,838| 2. 59|Kansas| 28,18,747| 11,278| 90,420| 1,01,698| 3. 61| Michigan| 99,69,727| 49,547| 2,82,918| 3,32,465| 3. 33| Minnesota| 52,66,214| 12,842| 1,39,083| 1,51,925| 2. 88| Mississippi| 29,51,996| 8,304| 87,181| 95,485| 3. 23| Missouri| 59,87,580| 29,444| 2,02,698| 2,32,142| 3. 88| Montana| 9,74,989| 2,473| 24,024| 26,497| 2. 72| Nebraska| 17,96,619| 5,059| 49,614| 54,673| 3. 04| Nevada| 26,43,085| 18,559| 80,763| 99,322| 3. 76| New Jersey| 87,07,739| 27,121| 1,81,097| 2,08,218| 2. 39| New Mexico| 20,09,671| 12,440| 75,078| 87,518| 4. 35| New York | 1,95,41,453| 75,176| 3,78,315| 4,53,491| 2. 2| North Carolina| 93,80,884| 37,929| 3,44,098| 3,82,027| 4. 07| North Dakota| 6,46,844| 1,298| 12,502| 13,800| 2. 13| Oregon| 38,25,657| 9,744| 1,13,511| 1,23,255| 3. 22| Pennsylvania| 1,26,04,767| 47,965| 2,77,512| 3,25,477| 2. 58| South Dakota| 8,12,383| 1,508| 13,968| 15,476| 1. 91 | Texas | 2,47,82,302| 1,21,668| 9,95,145| 11,16,813| 4. 51| Virginia| 78,82,590| 17,879| 1,91,453| 2,09,332| 2. 66| Washington| 66,64,195| 22,056| 2,44,368| 2,66,424| 4. 00| Wisconsin| 56,54,774| 14,533| 1,47,486| 1,62,019| 2. 87| Wyoming| 5,44,270| 1,242| 14,354| 15,596| 2. 87| Source: http://www. fbi. ov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u. s/2011/crime-in-the-u. s. -2011/tables/table-5 Table 1. 2 Statistics for public high school graduates in 30 states of USA. State| Population| Total Public High School Graduates| Percentage of High School Graduates| Alabama| 47,08,708| 42,082| 0. 89| Alaska| 6,98,473| 8,008| 1. 15| Arizona| 65,95,778| 62,374| 0. 95| California| 3,69,61,664| 3,72,310| 1. 01| Colorado| 50,24,748| 47,459| 0. 94| Connecticut| 35,18,288| 34,968| 0. 99| Florida| 1,85,37,969| 1,53,461| 0. 83| Hawaii| 12,95,178| 11,508| 0. 89| Iowa| 30,07,856| 33,926| 1. 13| Kansas| 28,18,747| 30,368| 1. 8| Michigan| 99,69,727| 1,12,742| 1. 13| Minnesota| 52,66,214| 59,729| 1. 13| Mississ ippi| 29,51,996| 24,505| 0. 83| Missouri| 59,87,580| 62,969| 1. 05| Montana| 9,74,989| 10,077| 1. 03| Nebraska| 17,96,619| 19,501| 1. 09| Nevada| 26,43,085| 19,904| 0. 75| New Jersey| 87,07,739| 95,085| 1. 09| New Mexico| 20,09,671| 17,931| 0. 89| New York | 1,95,41,453| 1,80,917| 0. 93| North Carolina| 93,80,884| 86,712| 0. 92| North Dakota| 6,46,844| 7,232| 1. 12| Oregon| 38,25,657| 35,138| 0. 92| Pennsylvania| 1,26,04,767| 1,30,658| 1. 04| South Dakota| 8,12,383| 8,123| 1. 00| Texas | 2,47,82,302| 2,64,275| 1. 7| Virginia| 78,82,590| 79,651| 1. 01| Washington| 66,64,195| 62,764| 0. 94| Wisconsin| 56,54,774| 65,410| 1. 16| Wyoming| 5,44,270| 5,493| 1. 01| Source: http://nces. ed. gov/CCD/tables/ESSIN_Task5_f2. asp Table 1. 3 Statistics for individuals below Poverty line in 30 states of USA. State| Population for whom poverty status is determined| Individuals in poverty| Percent below poverty| Alabama| 45,88,899| 8,04,683| 17. 54| Alaska| 6,82,412| 61,653| 9. 03| Arizona| 64,75,485 | 10,69,897| 16. 52| California| 3,62,02,780| 51,28,708| 14. 17| Colorado| 49,17,061| 6,34,387| 12. 90|Connecticut| 34,09,901| 3,20,554| 9. 40| Florida| 1,81,24,789| 27,07,925| 14. 94| Hawaii| 12,64,202| 1,31,007| 10. 36| Iowa| 29,05,436| 3,42,934| 11. 80| Kansas| 27,32,685| 3,65,033| 13. 36| Michigan| 97,35,741| 15,76,704| 16. 20| Minnesota| 51,33,038| 5,63,006| 10. 97| Mississippi| 28,48,335| 6,24,360| 21. 92| Missouri| 58,18,541| 8,49,009| 14. 59| Montana| 9,46,333| 1,43,028| 15. 11| Nebraska| 17,39,311| 2,14,765| 12. 35| Nevada| 26,06,479| 3,21,940| 12. 35| New Jersey| 85,31,160| 7,99,099| 9. 37| New Mexico| 19,68,078| 3,53,594| 17. 97| New York | 1,90,14,215| 26,91,757| 14. 16|North Carolina| 90,95,948| 14,78,214| 16. 25| North Dakota| 6,20,821| 72,342| 11. 65| Oregon| 37,48,545| 5,34,594| 14. 26| Pennsylvania| 1,21,65,877| 15,16,705| 12. 47| South Dakota| 7,82,725| 1,11,305| 14. 22| Texas | 2,41,76,222| 41,50,242| 17. 17| Virginia| 76,23,736| 8,02,578| 10. 53| Washington| 65,3 0,664| 8,04,237| 12. 31| Wisconsin| 54,95,845| 6,83,408| 12. 43| Wyoming| 5,29,982| 52,144| 9. 84| Source: http://www. census. gov/compendia/statab/cats/income_expenditures_poverty_wealth/income_and_poverty–state_and_local_data. html Regression (Independent variable: Education)Table 2. 1 Variables Entered/Removedb| Model| Variables Entered| Variables Removed| Method| 1| Educationa| . | Enter| a. All requested variables entered. | | b. Dependent Variable: Crime| | Table 2. 2 Model Summary| Model| R| R Square| Adjusted R Square| Std. Error of the Estimate| 1| . 425a| . 181| . 152| . 67068| a. Predictors: (Constant), Education| | Table 2. 3 ANOVAb| Model| Sum of Squares| df| Mean Square| F| Sig. | 1| Regression| 2. 784| 1| 2. 784| 6. 189| . 019a| | Residual| 12. 595| 28| . 450| | | | Total| 15. 379| 29| | | | a. Predictors: (Constant), Education| | | | . Dependent Variable: Crime| | | | | Table 2. 4 Coefficientsa| Model| Unstandardized Coefficients| Standardized Coefficients| t| Sig. | | B| Std. Error| Beta| | | 1| (Constant)| 6. 165| 1. 173| | 5. 257| . 000| | Education| -2. 904| 1. 167| -. 425| -2. 488| . 019| | | | | | Regression (Independent variable: Poverty) Table 3. 1 Variables Entered/Removedb| Model| Variables Entered| Variables Removed| Method| 1| Povertya| . | Enter| a. All requested variables entered. | | b. Dependent Variable: Crime| | Table 3. 2 Model Summary| Model| R| R Square| Adjusted R Square| Std.Error of the Estimate| 1| . 437a| . 191| . 162| . 66665| a. Predictors: (Constant), Poverty| | Table 3. 3 ANOVAb| Model| Sum of Squares| df| Mean Square| F| Sig. | 1| Regression| 2. 935| 1| 2. 935| 6. 604| . 016a| | Residual| 12. 444| 28| . 444| | | | Total| 15. 379| 29| | | | a. Predictors: (Constant), Poverty| | | | | b. Dependent Variable: Crime| | | | | Table 3. 4 Coefficientsa| Model| Unstandardized Coefficients| Standardized Coefficients| t| Sig. | | B| Std. Error| Beta| | | 1| (Constant)| 1. 819| . 575| | 3. 162| . 004| | Poverty| . 107| . 042| . 437| 2. 570| . 016|