Human Resources - how individuals are managed within an organisation Essay Example for Free

humans Resources how individuals ar managed within an organisation EssayIntroductionPeople argon an extremely cardinal resource for whatever organisation. To be a successful chore you need to employ lag with the right qualifications skills and live.The employees of an organisation be collectively fuckn as its human resources, in m whatsoever organisations, both public and private, the human resources department is as well as known as the individualnel department. However, the difference in name reflects a shift in emphasis from a purely recruitment and welfare role to a greater concern ab out(p) how to maximise the carry withance of staff. Human resource way is also an integral part of many task roles.There are many duties performed by a typical human resources department. These duties take on drawing up and implementing equal opportunities and health and safety policies, staff consultation, negotiation, appraisal and staff development, as hygienic as traini ng, recruitment and selection of staff. They are the almost(prenominal) important resource in the production of goods ands services.Many aspects of the employer-employee relationship are covered by legislation. However, employers are recognising increasingly that good human resource management practice, which goes beyond the garner of the law, tin generate benefits for both the organisation and the individual.The role of human resourcesHuman resource management involves managing a range of roles relating to nation utilise by a business includingRecruitment The personnel department must advertise accordingly and try to attract the outgo candidates for the antic, and the recruit the best applicants. If the price person is recruited, and thus key outs the argumentation boring or too difficult, then the business go away non subscribe to the most out of its human resources. similarly where employees need to be flexible and autonomous and where direct control over emplo yees is difficult, recruitment is becoming more than and more important. To draw in sure the best person is chosen, personnel departments must be clear around* What the avocation entails* What qualities the line of work requires* What rewards is needed to retain and motivate employees.There are many stages of recruiting, they are 1. tumble what the job entails and decide what sort of person is needed.2. Decide how the emptiness is to be advertised or announced.3. The selection process needs to be planned and conducted in such a way as to ensure that the best candidate is successful.Training involves employees cosmos taught new skills or improving skills they sport al ca-ca down. wherefore might a business train its employees?It is argued that a well- adroit start force has certain benefits for a business.* Well-trained workers should be more productive. This will help the business to progress to its boilersuit objectives such as increasing profits.* It should help to cr eate a more flexible work force. If a business needs to increase production, workers then strike to be trained in new tasks.* New machinery or production processes can be introduced more in effect, if the staff are trained.* It should lead to increase job satisfaction to employees. Well-motivated workers are more likely to be more productive.* It should crop accidents and injuries if employees are trained in health and safety procedures.* It may remediate the image of the friendship.* It can improve employees chances of promotion.How does a firm know if training is necessary?One method might be to use the job ex rig to find the skills and knowledge needed to do the job. If the employees skills do not match up with the unmatchables in the job comment, then in that location is a need for re-training.Employees can also be asked about areas where they are not quite as confident, and moot may need a little work on. This should mold them more committed to training. Training ne eds are found at unalike levels within a business.Training is often divided into on-the-job-training and off-the-job-training. On-the-job-training takes place when employees are trained while they are carrying out an activity, often at their place of work. Off-the-job training takes place away from the job, at a different location. It may involve the employee being released for periods of time to attend courses at colleges or another(prenominal) institutions. This is by far the most popular form of training.One vital key task of HRM is to hang on up to date with involvement legislation (UK and EU) and to remain alert to the implications of such legislation for the firm and the workers.The main aim of such legislation is to ensure that employees rights are protected. Basic rights include* Employees must receive a written statement of wrong and conditions of employment within 13 weeks of starting work.* They must be suffer the same as other people who carry out identical or si milar jobs.* Working conditions must be safe and healthy.* Workers cannot be discharged unfairly.* Employers must not discriminate against any member of staff.Employees sport basic rights to* They are evaluate to comply with the terms of their contract.* To do jobs with care and skill, to the acceptable standard.* fall out health and safety regulations.* Not to damage the firms property.There are many other responsibilities that then form the priming coat of the contract of employment. The contract is formed as soon as the employer offers a person a job and they accept it.Motivation at workFor many years firms grow given pecuniary rewards in an attempt to motivate employees and improve productivity. However in the last 2 or 3 decades firms have realised that * the chance to earn more m mavin and only(a)y may not be an effective motivator* financial incentive schemes are difficult to operate* individual reward schemes may no longer be effective as production has puzzle organ ised into group tasks* other factors may be more important in motivation employeesIf other factors are more important than pay in motivating workers, it is important for firms to identify them. Only then can a business make sure its work force is motivated.Team workThe Swedish car firm Volvo is a well-known slip of a company that has effectively introduced police squadwork. In both its plants at Kalmar and Uddevalla, it set up production in teams of 8-10 highly skilled workers. The teams decided between themselves how the work was to be distri entirelyed and how to solve problems as they arise. It is problematic whether these practices lead to an increase in productivity, just the company firmly believes this method of organisation was better than an assembly line organisation a similar system is used at Honda UK but with four person teams.If the firm is al ways changing due to the market, which is causing it to either, expand or de-layer. Then they will have to alter the work force accordingly.The case study that I will be looking at is a po sition as a deposit for Ratcliffe College.P1- RecruitmentOne of the most important responsibilities of Human resource function is recruitment and selection. The costs of recruitment, training and retaining employees are high, but the costs of selecting the wrong people or losing key members of staff can be even higher. The processes of recruitment and selection must always relate the requirement for skilled staff to the business needs of the organisation. It is also essendial that potential candidates be treated fairly.When vacancies arise because existing staff move to other jobs, retire or have to surrender work because of illness. Some vacancies occur because the organisation expands or is restructured. Before the organisation advertises a lieu, it needs to decide whether at that place is a real need for the position to be filled. It might consider the following alternatives* Amalgamating one job with another * Giving existing staff overtime* Recruiting atypical staff* Increasing the use of technology or machinery* Once an organisation decides that a vacancy exists, the recruitment process begins.Internal recruitmentInternal recruitment strengthens employees commitment to the company, for specimen Kelloggs have stated the following in their recruitment policy handbook* Offer the job to an existing employee, as a promotion or transfer* tug internally, if suitable candidate is likely to available internally* Advertise externally if no suitable candidate is likely to exist internally(and display notice internally to the effect that the advertisement is appearing)Except in special cases, all vacancies should be advertised internally forrader external recruitment methods are used.There are a bod of advantages to advertising jobs inside the business.* It gives employees within the company a chance to develop their career* There may be a shorter origination period as the employee is likel y to be familiar with the company* Employers will know more about internal candidates abilities. This should reduce the risk of employing the wrong person* Internal recruitment may be quicker and less expensive than recruiting from outside the business.However, there are also disadvantages.* Internal advertising limits the number of applicants* outside(a) candidates might have been better quality* Another vacancy will be created which might have to be filled* If having investigated ways of filling the vacancy internally the business noneffervescent does not ap prefigure, then it must find ways to obtain candidates externally.External recruitmentThere are many ways of attracting candidates from outside the company. The choice of method often depends on the type of vacancy and the type of employee a business wants. Each method has its own benefits and problem, although it could be argued that the overall advantages of external advertising are the opposite of the disadvantages of int ernal advertising, for example, there is a wider number of applicants.Commercial employment agencies, these are companies that specialise in recruiting and selection. They usually try a shortlist of candidates for a company to interview, but can also provide temporary workers. For example HMS, Alfred Marks and Kelly Accountancy Personnel.The advantage of commercial agencies is that they are experienced in providing certain types of worker, such as secretaries and clerical staff. They also minimise the administration for the employer involved in recruiting staff. Their main drawback is that they tend to produce staff that barely preventative in a job for a short time. Another problem for the business is the cost of paying fees to the agency.Recruitment and selectionP2-Personnel judicial admissionThe first step is to prepare a job description. Before writing a job description, the job itself has to be analysed. This will identify the skills needed to perform the job and will also allow management to consider the overall effectiveness of the post and whether any changes are necessary. Clear job descriptions form the basis for preparing advertisements and for drawing up person specifications. Once individuals are in the post, job descriptions allow them to know exactly what their roles are, and what is expected of them.Before writing a job description, the job itself has to be analysed. This will identify the skills needed to perform the job and will also allow management to consider the overall effectiveness of the post and whether any changes are necessary. Clear job descriptions form the basis for preparing advertisements and for drawing up person specifications. Once individuals are in a post, job description allow them to know exactly what their roles are, and what is expected of them.When preparing a job description, it is important that the business to look to* Describe the job accurately- if you overstate or understate the requirements of the job, you will be less likely to attract suitable applicants* Avoid discriminatory descriptions wording that implies one sex is preferable to another is unfair, il judicial and unnecessarily restricts the number of people you are able to choose from.Below is an example of a job description, advertised in the local paper, for my case study.Ratcliffe CollegeJob title work secretaryDepartment Administration, including BursaryLocation Ratcliffe College, Ratcliffe-on-the-WreakeSalary 15,000- 20,000Requirements for the job* Enthusiastic, sociable, hard working person.* Taking care of any paper work regarding the school, and answering calls throughout the twenty-four hour period on any matter.* Com vester skills and experience of working in an office.General information* The hours per day would from 9am-5pm, 5 days a week.* There is a team of six people who deal with the administration of the school this includes the bursar, the head masters secretary and the four secretaries.The profile of the be st person to fill a job is a vital reference document to use during the selection process. It helps eliminate unsuitable candidates, guides interviewers and allows selectors to compare candidates objectively. The following are the key areas in drawing up a person specification* Knowledge and understanding required for the job* Skills and abilities required for the job* Experience required for the job* Educational requirementsThe following shows a person specificationTo fill the receptionist post we are looking for people with most of the following qualifications1. GCSEs in Maths and English, additional qualifications such as calculating machine skills required.2. The applicant must have had antecedent experience in an office environment3. must be computer literate, and able to use a photocopier.4. Must have an outgoing, friendly personality, and able to communicate efficiently with students and fellow members of staff alike. Most importantly, they must be able to answer the telep hone and help with any enquiries.When preparing person specifications, there are several pitfalls to be avoided.* Asking for higher qualifications than are needed, it runs the risk of passing over less-qualified staff who are likely to be light frustrated in positions that fail to extend their abilities* Asking for nighone with particular or extensive experience, an individual with the right aptitudes, skills and temperament may be a quick learner* Stipulating particular age requirements, tasks that are traditionally regarded as junior can often be done as well, if not better, by older staff. Similar, jobs that have been regarded as the preserve of more mature employees may be performed by able, qualified and highly motivated young people.* Defining condition physical requirements, these must only be specified where the requirement is genuine and essential. Remember that the specification of physical attributes can lead to direct or confirmative discrimination.* Basing your speci fication on close to(prenominal)one who is already doing the job, no matter how good that person might be, he or she is a unique individual and no one else will be a perfect replacement. The new go upr will bring his or her own personality, values and skills.P3-Reviewing ApplicationsMiss Puddleduck- she seems to be able to issue forth on with people and handle situations, as we can see this from her working as a carer in an Elderly Home. She is the eldest to apply for the job and has a good amount of former experience, which give her the skills needed, like office and computer work. Seems to be a hard work and has good discourse skills, and also she has worked with children before so is a strong candidate.From her CV I see that she has three young children, This may cause a problem, as she has a live-in child minder.Mr Langer- Mr Langer sent in an application form with exceptional exam results both from GCSE and A level. He gave some job experience which all showed experience b ut zilch that was relevant to the job description.His letter of application was very short with not much detail. Being as he hadnt any experience in secretarial duties then I would have thought that he would have act to impregnate me through the letter of application. This didnt happen but because of his good exam results I offered him an interview hoping he would have something to offer the company.Mr Langers CV was average, he had typed it out so that it looked neat, and it was set well but the contented which he needed to impress me wasnt there. Mr Langer was a very intellectual young man by the language which he had used on his recruitment forms and his given exam results but regrettably he didnt have the relevant experience to offer this post.Miss pitcher- the weakest candidate looking from her application form, but she seems to be enthusiastic over the job, but from her CV she says she likes socialising, which may be a downfall as she may need to come in any day of the wee k. Miss Hill has no previous experience. From the CV her GCSE grades are not excellent, however, she has passed English and maths, and has computer skills. I am not sure how well she can communicate with people of different ages, as I have no evidence that she can. However, as she is young she may find it easier to communicate with the student, but she must be able to communicate effectively with the adults as well. She also has a young child, so she may know how to get on with the younger generation in the schoolMiss Hill has a young child, which could mean that she will need time off work to look after it. She states that her mum could look after the child at the weekends if necessary, however, her mum may not be available in the week if the child is unable to go to playgroup. So it may cause difficulties in the future, as she may have difficulties finding someone to look after the child or she may have to take days off.P4-Contract of employmentOnce a business has selected an empl oyee, the successful candidates must be appointed. Once appointed. Employees are entitled to a Contract of practice session. This is an agreement between the employer and the employee under which from each one has certain obligations. It is masking to both parties in the agreement, the employer and the employee. This means that it is unlawful to break the terms and conditions in the contract without the other party agreeing.As soon as an employee starts work, and therefore demonstrates that she accepts the terms offered by the employer, the contract comes into existence. It is sometimes a written contract, although a verbal agreement or implied agreements are also contracts of employment. The employment Right Act, 1996 requires employers to give employees interpreted on for one month or more a written statement within two months of appointment. This written statement sets out the terms and conditions in the contract. Some common features shown in the written statement are* The na mes of the employer and the name of the employee* The date on which the employment is to begin* The job title* The terms and conditions of employment* Remuneration and pay interval* Hours of work* Entitlement to sick leave and pay (if any)* Pensions* Period of notice for employer and employee* Disciplinary and Grievance procedures.Certain employment bulwark rights cover employees that are appointed by a business. Government legislation makes it a duty of employers to safeguard these rights. They fall into a number of areas.* Discrimination. Employees cannot be discriminated against on grounds of gender, race or disability. So, for example, a business cannot refuse to appoint a candidate for a job only because that person is female.* Pay. Employees must be paid the same rate as other employees doing the same job, a similar job or a job with equal demands. They also have the right to itemised pay statements and not to have pay deducted for unlawful reasons.Other conditions which may be included are the need for medical examinations, working from different locations, the right to search employees, the need for confidentiality and the need to obey the specific rules of the organisation.If the employer fails to provide a written statement of the main terms and conditions of employment, an employee could exercise his or her legal right to ask an industrial tribunal to decide what ought to have been in the written statement. This is then imposed upon the employer. Employers with more than twenty employees are also have to ensure that any employee has a copy of the disciplinary and musical score procedures.Employers have always wanted workers to be as flexible as possible. In the chivalric this has meant paying overtime for extra hours worked, or higher rates for shift work. Faced with competition, businesses attempted to use their existing employees more efficiently. Sometimes this could benefit the employee. An example of a situation in Adams is a single woman with a child was able to work between the hours of 9 am to 3 p.m. each day while her child is at school. Working flexible hours could mean an employee may take time off for personal reasons and still work their required number of hours a week.Training would also be given to workers so they become multi -skilled able to switch from one job to another if needed. This example of job rotation may perhaps lead to the employee being more motivated. From a firms point of view, an employee that can change jobs may prevent the need to have temporary workers to cover for illness etc. and so reduce labour costs. An example of this is the workstyle initiative at Adams, where team working has been introduced so that workers can change from one process to another and do the work of others in the team if necessary.In 1985 John Atkinson and the Institute of Manpower Studies developed the idea of the flexible firm. They suggested that businesses have a core and a periphery. As a result of increasin g competition, firms have attempted to make the workforce as flexible as possible, to increase productivity, reduce costs and react more quickly to change. The business would try to motivate core workers, giving them job security, and employ periphery workers only when needed.Increasingly employers looked to make plans that allow a business to respond to changes. For example, if a large unexpected order arrives, a business will need workers that can get it out on time. Using a flexible workforce enables a business to react effectively to changes that take place outside the business. Examples of workers that are used by a business includes* Part time employees.* Temporary employees to deal with increases in demand.* Workers on zero hours contracts who are employed by the business but only work and are paid when both the business and the employee agree.* Workers who work to annualised hours contracts, where they work a certain number of hours over a year rather than in a week.* Worker s who bank time, by not working when demand is slack but being asked to work that time at a later date.* mogul temporary workers to cover for illness.* Self-employed workers.* Job sharing, where two workers are employed to do a full time job that in the past have been carried out by the one person.P5-My Performance in the InterviewBefore the interview1. The interviewer should check that the interview arrangements are satisfactory* Is the seating adequate?* Is the twinkle satisfactory?* Is the room quiet or private?* Has it been ensured that the interview will not be disrupted?* Has access for candidates with a physical disability been examine?2. Check through the job description and the person specification.3. Read the application forms again, not any special questions or queries.4. Write down the agreed questions that every candidate will have to answer, so they can make comparisons of each interviewee, this could including* Why did you apply for this job?* Why did you apply to this organisation?5. At the start of the interview every candidate should be welcomed by name and invited to sit down.6. Begin the interview with an broadcast or easy question, which should help the interviewees to relax.7. The interviewer should always stay calm and uninvolved and be ready to listen8. Keep observing the candidates. Watch for luggage compartment language signal such as* The way they sit* Arm and hand movements* Eye movements and eye contact* Voice9. At the end of the interview the interviewer should* Thank the candidate* Find out if the candidate has any questions or wants to add anything* Find out when the candidate could start work* Ask whether the candidate still wants the job* Tell the candidate how and when they will be told the result of the interviewAfter the Interview1. The candidates should leave olfactory propertying that they have had a fair hearing.An interviewer can ask either open or unlikeable questions.* Open questions cannot be answered with a simple yes or no. Answering them allows individuals to express their opinions and to talk at length. Here are some examples of open- terminate questions. What did you have it away most about a particular job? Which skills do you think would be most useful in this post? How do you plan to carry through that?* Closed questions require a simple yes or no answer. It will always be necessary to ask a few closed questions, but their use should be restricted. Closed questions do not allow the candidate to talk freely, and they can make the interview somewhat stilted, with the interviewer doing most of the talking.When I was the interviewer I asked open ended questions, which allowed me to find out more about the candidate personality as well as there attitude to work. However from my colleagues point of view I was told that I was to laid back towards the candidate and to disorganise, this was because I had not gone through the CVs and the application form. This could have meant that I mi ssed some vital information about the candidates. Also I did not write any information down about each candidate, which meant that I could not believe what the candidates where like. Which meant that I could analyse and compare the candidates.As an interviewee I was confident going for the position, ordain to answer the questions, with no problems. But in doing this I had not investigate the position enough, as I had a lack of information about the school. Knowing this would of help me to put across my views on how I would of achieved the job successfully, and showed that I was interested in the job.I feel that during the interviews I fulfilled most of these criteria. The seating was adequate there were two seats for the interviewers and one doe the candidate. However, there was a desk in between, it would have been better to try and create a more relaxed atmosphere, by either not having the desk at all, or sitting to one side of the desk. I was familiar with the job description and person specification, and had already prepared certain questions for each candidate. I had prepared a sheet with the questions that I was going to ask all of the candidates, a copy of this can be found in the appendix.I welcomed all the candidates by name and shucked there hand, and tried to make them feel welcome. Throughout the interview I used a variety of open and closed questions. I should have used more open than closed questions to allow the candidate to talk more. This would be one aspect I would have to change in future interviews. I thought of some follow up questions, however, could have thought of some more. I observed the candidates several times throughout the interview, which gave me a good idea of their overall body language. At the end of the interview, I allowed the candidates to ask questions, found out when they could start work, and told them when they would hear of the result. I didnt tell them how they would hear of the result, and I forgot to ask then if they were still interested in the job.After the interview I made some brief notes on the way the candidate had reacted during the interview. All these documents remained private between myself and the other interviewerM4-Local Labour MarketEmployment by heavensLeicestershire TEC Area%East midlands%Great Britain%Agriculture Fishing1,5000.46,9000.471,0000.3Energy Water5,0001.217,6001.1214,7001.0Manufacturing116,70029.4418,70025.84,060,00018.0Construction13.3003.370,7004.4987,9004.4Distribution, Hotels restaurants80,00020.1354,8005.01,319,4005.9 ravish communication22,0005.581,1005.01,319,4005.9Banking, finance Insurance, etc.58,60014.8230,20014.24,183,70018.6Public administration, Education Health85,90021.6378,70023.35,496,60024.4Other services14,0003.565,7004.01,068,9004.7Total397,000100.01,623,800100.022,534,900100.0The labour market is split up into three different labour domains 1. Primary these are businesses that are involved in extracting natural resources from the env ironment. Examples are the first two rows of the table.2. Secondary businesses convert the raw materials from the primary sector into a form that can be used by customers. The third and fourth rows on the table are examples of this sector.3. Tertiary Organisations provide services. The reminding rows are businesses in the tertiary sector.* Manufacturing contributes nearly 30% to GDP and employs some 27% of the workforce, goods produced range from textiles clothing through aerospace engines. However, manufacturing output within the region is forecast to fall by approximately 0.5% in 1999 before recovering in 2000.* Service Sector employment is growing faster than at the guinea pig level, but the service sector is still relatively under-re dumbfounded. IT related employment, in particular, continues to expand.* Agriculture the East Midlands accounts for 10% of UK agricultural output, and employs 45,000 people across the region, rising to nearly one in flipper of the workforce in some areas.* Unemployment the regional claimant rate has been below the UK rate and currently stands at 3.9% compared to the UK 4.4% for May 1999.Current situation prospectsWithin the East Midlands, growth in services was estimated to have been stronger than the UK as a whole during 1998. However, the region saw a sharp slowdown in business services growth, reflecting the habituation of the sector on local manufacturing. Manufacturing output declined significantly during 1998, due to deterioration in both domestic and export demand, and a strong pound. Manufacturing output within the region is forecast to continue to decline during 1999, before recovering in 2000. Subdued performance is also expected in retailing distribution, and in dishonour communications. Overall regional GDP is expected to rise only slightly by 0.3% during 1999, with employment levels expected to remain static.Short-term changes in the GDP by sector (% per year)ManufacturingServicesOtherAll servicesFi n. Bus. Services199819992000199819992000199819992000199819992000E.M.0.30.3-3.11.50.21.24.92.21.96.8-0.7-1.9UK-0.2-0.2-3.21.30.60.52.51.51.41.6-1.4-1.9Inward investmentThe region has seen inward investment in manufacturing over recent years. In the first half of 1998 the East Midlands won 16 inward investment projects, which created a total of 2,240 jobs. Approximately 50% of the projects came from the USA. Other inward investment projects within the region include Toyota, the Japanese car manufacturer, which has expanded its plant at Burnaston in Derbyshire at a cost of 200m in order to build a second car model, the Corolla.The region has also been successful in attracting call centres, despite competition. In the future as direct banking and insurance services increase, move on investment opportunities are likely to arise for the region. The East Midlands success in attracting inward investment can be explained by its central location, good stem links with the rest of the countr y, relatively low land prices, and the quality of its workforce.Leicestershires Industrial ProfileLeicestershires industrial structure has experienced a long period of change and this change is seen to continue. The manufacturing industry consists of textiles and clothing, electronic engineering, mechanical engineering, food processing, printing and publishing, and pharmaceuticals. In Leicestershire 26% of the population are employed in this sector compared with 19% nationally. The most important manufacturing industry group, in terms of output, remains other manufacturing which includes textiles and food manufacturing, currently accounting for half of all manufacturing output.The fastest growing sector was national transport and communications, with an average annual growth of 9.6% since 1992. This growth largely reflects the advantages of Leicestershire as a central location for distributionIndustrial sectorsLeicestershire TEC areaLeicestershire countyLeicester cityRutland1999 Em ployee estimatesNumber%Number%Number%Number%Agriculture Fishing3,1000.82,7001.2004003.5Energy Water9,2002.35,6002.43,2002.14003.5Manufacturing102,60026.064,30028.136,30023.82,00017.4Construction149003.810,0004.44,3002.86005.2Distribution, Hotels restaurants83,00021.151,10022.329,20019.12,70023.5Transport communication23,1005.916,1007.06,5004.35004.3Banking, finance Insurance, etc.54,80013.928,10012.325,60016.81,1009.6Public administration, Education Health85,90021.841,90018.340,60026.63,40039.6Other services16,6004.29,3004.16,9004.54003.5Total employees393,200100.0229,100100.0152,600100.011,500100.0M5 Analysing the recruitment documentsI think I should have spaced out the application form a bit better and left more room for the forenames and surnames. On the application form I didnt put a space for sex, this should have been entered, as some people may see it as not giving equal opportunities. I think that it is of a good size, and the font is neither too small nor too large, however, if there had been more spaces left, then it may have been easier to read. There is not a final examination section asking for a supporting statement. This does not give the applicant opportunity to sell themselves.I should have put some spaces in the Employment History section for reason for leaving the job, and also how long they had been at their last job for. This would have given me some indication on how willing they are. Also if I had left space at the end of the form, there would have been space for the candidates to sell themselves, also giving me more information to launch my questions on at the interview. There should have also been more space for them to fill in information about their education. In the references section there should be space to show what relationship the person given as a reference is to the candidate.As it is important for companies to enforce equal opportunities I should have had a section in the application form asking if they had a disab ility, what their ethnic origin is and also what colour they consider themselves (black, white, other, mixed). This should be an optional section however, I should have included it.I also provided a sheet for the candidates to fill in just before the interview. This is where extra information could be gathered, and if any lucubrate have changed since they filled in the application form, then I could be notified of them.The appraisal documents during the interview I made some basic notes of the candidates performance. These notes included how well they answered the questions, and their body language. I also gave them marks for their body language, their language and how appropriate it was, and how confident they were (1 being the best, and 5 the worst)In my personnel specification, I should have state more about the job so that they know more about the job and what jobs would be involved in the position. Also how to handle parents and children.Also in the job description, I should s tated more about what the jobs would be involved with, like handling children from the ages of 5-18, so they need to be patient sometimes and also authoritative.M6-Strengths WeaknessesMrs Jemima PuddleduckHer letter of application was most impressive. It was typed, set out correctly, and lots of good language was used. The recruitment documents that we received from Mrs Jemima Puddleduck showed that she was a well-educated young lady, showing she had analyse both GCSEs, and A levels with excellent grades, and also well qualified. The only factor, which made me a little unsure of her, was that she had children, which I felt it might cause some difficulty about the hours she could work. Plus a degree in sports management. It was a very encouraging letter, outlining her strengths and weaknesses, and also stating any previous relevant work experience as well as any other experience to show her enthusiasm for work.Her experiences in jobs show us a very caring young woman and she has t aken part in work experience in very useful places.Mrs Jemima Puddleduck sent me a very short but detailed letter of application it was in written form very neat and well set out.Her work experiences have given her experience of what this position requires and I feel she would be an excellent candidate for this job.Mr Brett LangerThe documents that were given to us by Brett Langer shows that he is ma very hard working person, we know this by looking at his GCSEs and A Levels. So he should then have the basic skills available to do the job successfully, with A grades in Maths and English in his GCSEs. My smell also was that he may be a little well qualified for the job, nonetheless a very promising candidate. It showed that he had some previous job experience, however, he had never worked in an office before.From the letter of application he seemed to be an all round person, being able to get on with people. We can also see this from his past work experience as a Waiter and Employee at McDonalds, this showing he should be able to get on with any sort of person and situations.The only problem is that he is going to be working on a temporary basis as hes looking for a job in the business sector, so he will only be working here until he finds a job in the business industry.Miss Tracy HillMiss Hill is the youngest candidate applying for the position as Secretary. The recruitment documents, which we received from Miss Tracy Hill, she seems to be a pleasant girl but lack the personnel skills and personality for the job. There are concerns on how sociable she is, and how this may affect her work, as she may have to come in on a Saturday or Sunday. She has the basic skills to do the job with having GCSEs in IT, Maths and English. She also has no work experience in any field. She is the weakest candidate for the job, but we have decided to give her a chance to prove us wrong in the interview.Jemima Puddleduck questions1. Will you be able to come in if there was an eme rgency?2. Do you think you be able to handle the children when if they get rowdy?3. Why have you decided to leave your present job?4. How long would it take to hand in your notice at your present job?5. How come you havent decided to go into the sports industry?Brett Langer questions1. Do you know how to use the basics of computer software?2. How long do you think you would work here?3. Will you be able to come in if there was an emergency?4. Do you think you be able to handle the children when if they get rowdy?5. Do you think you would get along with the different age groups that go to the school?Tracy Hill question1. Why did you leave school after your GCSEs?2. Why havent you got any work experience?3. Would it be a problem with the hours you work with a child?4. Who will look after the child?5. Will you be able to come in if there was an emergency?6. Do you think you be able to handle the children when they get rowdy?M7-My performance in the InterviewsTo start off with I was shy , I was not sure how they would react to me, but as the interviews went on my interviewing technique improved and I started to settle down. I found that I didnt really help them to relax and settle down, which made them skittish and allowed them t make mistakes, as they didnt know how to react to me.After settling down I became confident enough to ask the candidate questions about the job and putting them in situations and asking how they would handle a particular situation. Due to this I became to laid back, I was showing poor body language for example my arms were crossed. I also acted to casual with the candidate I was told this from my colleagues who were also interviewing the candidate.Due to me being confident and laid back, I asked the candidate opened ended questions, which enabled my colleagues and I to get to know the candidate more intimately and what there personality was like.I also found that I was too disorganised for the interview, compared to my colleagues who wher e ready for the interview, as they had questions readily decided to ask the candidate. Which didnt show a good impression on the candidate and made me look silly. I also had not gone through the candidates information, which gave me a disadvantage, as I did not ask the relevant information for the job. Which lead to me not writing any information about the candidate, so it made it difficult on which candidate to pick for the job.I think that I also should have changed the tone of voice more, as I felt the candidate was finding the interview was getting to boring.Improvements1. I should appear to be relaxed from the beginning of the interview so that they can give their best performances through out the interview.2. I shouldnt act laid back whilst interviewing the candidate. As this gives a bad impression to the interviewee, about the way things are running in the company.3. I should look through the application documents before I interview the candidate to have some kind of informat ion about the candidate and question to find out more about their personality.4. It would be more fairer to all the candidates if I took notes on each applicant, so that I can offer the job to the best person, so that I can compare them with there good and bad points and offer the job to the best person.M8 Our own design of a Contract of employment1. Name of employer_________________________________2. Name of employee________________________________3. Job title .4. Salary .5. Start date 6. Pay rate..7. Amount of hours that must be completed in one week.8. Leave, you are entitled todays-paid holiday per annum in addition to statutory holidays. The leave is to taken at a time convenient to the employer.9. Sick pay and allowances ..10. Amount of holiday entitlement .11. What notice is needed when you want to finish thatjob.. to ensure flexibility within our workforce, you will at times be expected to work extra hours as required, but you will normally be given advanced notice of times .12. Grievance Procedures, if you wish to raise any grievance relating to your employment, you should do so in accordance with the grievance procedure shown in the employee information binder, which can be obtained from the Personal office.13. Pension scheme, details of the contributory company pension scheme, for which you are eligible, may be obtained from the personnel office.14. Discipline Rules, the company rules form part of your conditions of employment. These are shown in the Employee Information Binder and it is your responsibility to familiarize yourself with these and observe them at all times.

How did Pterosaurs Move on the Ground?

How did Pterosaurs Move on the Ground?The locomotive manner of flying reptiles is a matter of intense dispute in the scientific community. The way that these prehistoric creatures traversed the ground is continu every(prenominal)y being contested. Did pterosaurs walk how we imagine them to have on all fours in a semi bombastic posture, or did they alone walk on their back(prenominal) legs, or on all fours and completely pr iodineness? If, in fact, they did walk on all fours, would the feet have been in line with the come ab erupts, or would the hands be splayed out much farther than the feet? Be sire the method of pterosaur change of location is wide disputed, scientists rely on footprint identification in order to determine if the cut throughs that they atomic number 18 theater of operationsing do in truth belong to a pterosaur. Unfortunately, plane this is a contested issue, as some scientists hindquarterst withal agree on which tracks belong to which prehistoric creat ures. These argon all issues that ar disputed by scientists, but there does seem to be some common consensus when multiple seemingly conflicting scientific findings be synthesized.The general perception of pterosaurs today is one that is possibly incredibly flawed because of theories about them from the early nineteenth century. Soemmerring confused a juvenile Pterodactylus with what he believed to be the skeleton of a abnormal bat in 1817 and Cuviers identified pterosaurs as reptiles in 1812. These heads have persisted until the modern day so that most people can non shake the image of a pterosaur as a large, scaly, bat- resembling creature that walks around on all fours in a semi-erect fashion (Padian, 1983). While this is a possible form of traveling, there are numerous arguments to the contrary.One of the first writings on pterosaur travel on land was Wm. Lee Stokes Pterodactyl Tracks from the Morrison Formation published in 1957. Stokes name a track of nine footprints th at he attributed to a pterosaur that he named Pteraichnus Saltwashensis. Since pterodactyls are naturally found near bodies of whatever, its not out of the question that these tracks would belong to one. Stokes claims that the economic crisis of the manus guides the unique wrist and hand of a pterodactyl and that the imprint of the pes shows the unique V-shape and sharply pointed heel that corresponds unmistakably to that of a pterodactyl. He hypothecates that all of this is cogent evidence that at least one pterosaur was quadrupedal.Despite the evidence that Stoke says confirms that the creature that do these tracks was a pterosaur this is one of the most disputed claims in the theory of the ground-level traveling of pterosaurs. Mevery scientists believe that these tracks were not made by a pterosaur, but instead by a crocodilian creature. This is a unambiguous possibility because the tracks of pterosaurs and crocodilians are commonly confused for one an separate.In The Foss il Trackway Pteraichnus Not Pterosaurian, but Crocodilian, Kevin Padian and Paul Olsen claim that the tracks that Stokes attributes to Pteraichnus Saltwashensis are more likely the harvesting of one of the four species of crocodilian known to have inhabited that athletic field. They say that the pes is not unique to pterodactyloids, as crocodiles overly exhibit four toes and a V-shaped heel. Also, they claim that the manus does not consist of four digits, but five, even though the impression of all five is not distinctly preserved. An opposite distinguishing trace is that crocodiles are plantigrade and therefore the heel print would be visible, as it is in these tracks. This is op comprise to the digitigrade nature of pterosaurs, which would cause the heel print to be excluded from the footprint.Padian and Olsen claim that the manner of movement that the footprints represent is completely unalike than the kind that Stokes claims created them. Stokes suggested that the depth o f the depression created by the manus was due to a large fly knuckle. Padian and Olsen argue that this is not the case, and that the depression was actually caused by the force of the step and the incompetence of the substrate that led to the creation of the fossilized track.One of Padian and Olsens points is refuted in world-wide Locomotion of the Pterosaurs A Reconstruction Based on Pteraichnus Trackways, published in 1997 by S. Cristopher Bennett. Padian and Olsen claim that by using Bairds method, they were able to determine that the length of the eubstance that made the tracks was too long to be that of a pterosaur, but long enough to be a short crocodile. Bennetts refutation of this point rests on the idea that Bairds method was intended to be used on tracks created simultaneously and that this was not the condition under which the tracks in contention were created. Whether this refutation is credible or not is of little importance. Padian and Olsens assertion that the Pter aichnus tracks were actually created by a crocodilian, and that they back it up with plausible scientific hypotheses, casts enough doubt on Stokes original claim to micturate these tracks inadmissible in determining how pterosaurs moved on land. The primary reason for the possible mistake that these crocodilian tracks were created by a pterosaur, harmonise to Padians 1983 root word, A practicable Analysis of transitory and Walking in Pterosaurs, is that Owen suspended the principles of comparative anatomy and drew spurious comparisons surrounded by pterosaur social organizations and those of lizards and crocodiles as well as misrepresenting the work of H. von Meyer, the German authority on pterosaurs.This paper offers an in depth analysis of the way a pterosaur would move on land based entirely on its bone social system. Padians primary qualified of analysis is a Pteranodon, which he claims, among other things, was an active flyer, meaning that it flapped its wings. Padian claims that a pterosaur would walk upright on two legs as opposed to some(prenominal)(prenominal) form of quadripedal motion. He compares pterosaurs to twain birds and bats throughout the paper. He attempts to show that the attributes that pterosaurs share with either birds or bats, or both of them, would prevent a pterosaur from being capable of quadrupedal locomotion.Padian says that the forelimb of the pterosaur was adapted entirely for flying and not for quadrupedal walking. The humerus bone of the forearm was adapted for the type of movement that facilitated a down-and-forward flapping motion, since Padian claims that pterosaurs were active flyers, and not for the rotation of the humerus that would protract the forearm to facilitate terrestrial walking. Moving down the arm, the elbow joint in birds, bats, and pterosaurs are what depart for rotation. In bats, this al funkys for quadrapedal walking but, in both birds and pterosaurs, it has hindered articulation to the extent of turning their limbs into pulley-like hinges with a wide arc of movement possible in only one plane (Padian 1983, 227). Padian claims that the differences in the shape of humeral heads in pterosaurs were even more restrictive in the pterosaurs range of motion than it is in birds. The delto-pectoral crest in pterosaurs was pronounced and writhe along the axis of the shaft, which caused the deltoideus muscle to actually reverse the rotation of the humerus that was growd by the pectoralis muscles as the pterosaur made a downward stroke opus in flight. This reversal in rotation prohibited the forelimb from being moved into the proper position to facilitate its placement on the ground and therefore any form of quadrupedal locomotion.Ultimately, Padian asserts, the structure of the forelimbs of pterosaurs prevented them from walking quadrapedally. They were incapable of parasagittal movement over the ground because of restrictions imposed on them from their bone and muscular structur es.The structure of the hind legs of pterosaurs that are included in Padians argument for a two-footed pterosaur is equally as important as the structure of the forelimbs. Padian bases his argument on a pterosaur thats wing was not attached to its hind legs and the idea that despite the relatively small size of the legs of a pterosaur when compared to the rest of its system and specifically its forelimbs, it would close up have been able to, and in fact been solely capable of, bipedal locomotion on its hind limbs.Padian reconstructs the pelvis and hip joints of a pterosaur to show that certain elements of its anatomy would prevent it from bending forward in a way that would enable quadrupedal locomotion. He says that there are two girdles skirt the point where the femur is inserted into the hip that restricts the degree of rotation of the leg so that it would be impossible to move in any way other than bipedally.Padian uses a Pteranodon as his case study for a pterosaur with an e xtremely large upper body and a relatively small lower body that is lock in able to walk on the ground. He says that the reason the forelimbs are so large is because the mass of the Pteranodon necessitated expansive wings to provide the appropriate summate of enhance while airborne. The size of the wings, though, is not correlated to the size of the legs. The surface area of the wings deficiencyed to increase at a rate of L3/L2 when compared to the size of the body. The disproportionate lengthening of the wing afforded a greater relative area that allowed the Pteranodon to achieve flight. On the other hand, the Pteranodons legs are not restricted to the same ratio. The legs can be, and are, significantly smaller than the body that theyre supporting without compromising the Pteranodons terrestrial locomotive abilities. In fact, the size of the Pteranodons hind limbs in likeness to the size of the rest of its body is comparable to the relationship between the hind limbs and bodie s of all other pterosaurs.Padian compares the bone structure of the hind limbs of pterosaurs to the bone structure of the hind limbs in modern birds. He says that, like in birds, the tibia is the master(prenominal) load-bearing bone in the leg. He claims that the femur had a position that ranged between slightly above horizontal to about forty-five degrees below it and that this orientation allowed for the tibia to move on a parasagittal plane. This essentially means that pterosaurs moved on the ground like most other bipedal dinosaurs.Padians ultimate claim is that pterosaur hind limbs were designed for bipedal, digitigrade, locomotion when they were moving on the ground. He even suggests that it was possible for pterosaurs to achieve high rates of speed on the ground.S. Christopher Bennett is another proponent of the upright, bipedal form of terrestrial locomotion among pterosaurs, but only among the larger pterodactyloids. He exams the acetabulum of Anhanguera, Pteranodon, and Dsungaripterus in A Pterodectyloid Pterosaur Pelvis from the Santana Formation of Brazil Implications for Terrestrial Locomotion, published in 1990, and determines that its strongest part is the anterior wall. He suggests that the military capability of this anterior wall allows for upright bipedal locomotion because the acetabulum survives a downward facing component of the anatomy. This downward orientation allows for a large area of contact for the head of the femur and, therefore, the weight of the body of the pterosaur can be supported in an upright position.Bennett refutes three arguments that are often leveled against bipedal locomotion in pterosaurs. He says that the femora bone could, in fact, have been brought underneath the body of the pterosaur, which is demonstrated by AMNH 22569. Secondly, that the hind limbs of the pterosaurs had straight femurs with distinct, inturned heads, mesotarsal ankles without a calcaneal tuber, and a foot with elongated metatarsals. Finally , he argues that the preservation of pterosaurs, in a position with their hind limbs splayed to the sides, a position that has caused many scientists to claim that theyre incapable of bipedal locomotion, is a false supposition. He notes five specimens that were preserved with their hind limbs on one side of the body, and argues that the splayed nature of the other specimens is due to greater hip flexibility in pterosaurs.Bennetts inclusion of the fossilized remains of pterosaurs in his argument for bipedal locomotion among the larger pterodactyloids is particularly convincing. He makes up for one of the key elements that Padians argument was missing, in that he actually gives concrete physical evidence to support his argument instead of supposed anatomical construction and the type of movement that that structure would or would not allow.One thing that Padians analysis of the terrestrial movement of pterosaurs lack is the actual fossilized track that a pterosaur made. While the supp osed structure of the bones may broaden one to believe that Padians claims are accurate, there are numerous pterosaur tracks that indicate a quadrupedal form of locomotion among pterosaurs. The majority of the studies included in this paper have focused on larger pterosaurs, and mostly on the Pteranodon. This particular pterosaur shares a large amount of its anatomy with modern birds and it makes sense that, from an analysis paying the majority of its attention to this pterosaur, they would all seem to be bipedal. in that respect is evidence in other fossils, though, that would say otherwise. Pterosaurs, depending on the kind they were, were either bipedal or quadrupedal.Bennetts refutation of Padian and Olsens crocodilian diagnosis of the Pteraichnus tracks contains very valid points concerning the way that pterosaurs could have possibly walked in a quadrupedal manner. He says specifically that rhamphorhyncoids, the earlier variation of pterosaurs, as well as small pterodactyloid s were quadrupeds with plantigrade pedes (Bennett, 1997). He says that the model he constructed of Pterydactylus and that, along with other detailed studies and manipulations of other three-dimensionally preserved pterosaur specimens, the limb and girdle joints would have easily allowed for the range of motion necessary for a pterosaur to achieve a quadrupedal walking motion.Bennett cites the Pteraichnus saltwashensis tracks as being representative of a quadrupedal pterosaur, which was disavowed earlier in this paper. He validly examines the tracks of Pteraichnus stokesi that were discovered in the Sundance Formation of Wyoming as well as pterosaur tracks from the Upper Jurassic of France. These trackways show manus and pes prints that are clearly pterosaurian. This indicates that there were certain species of pterosaur located in these areas that were quadrupedal. All of Bennetts are based on the principle of identifying the tracks as pterosaurian based on the structure of the manu s and pes.Another piece of research that proves that quadrupedal locomotion was present in pterosaurs is First Record of a Pterosaur Landing Trackway, published in 2009 by Jean-Michel Mazin, Jean-Paul Billon-Bruyat, and Kevin Padian. The tracks that they are examining are clearly the landing conformation of a pterosaur because they originate with two pes prints and then cut across on in a walking pattern. They claim that the stance of the pterosaur was erect because the pedes tracks are placed almost directly below the hip joints. After the first impression of the pedes, the second impression includes both pedes and manus impressions. The impressions of the manus are splayed out wider than pes, which is the generally accepted idea of how a pterosaur would ambulate. The tracks, not only created by a flying creature, are located in the modern Jurassic site known as Pterosaur Beach, which is a place universally agreed upon to contain unquestionable pterosaur tracks. Therefore, the l anding pattern and ensuant tracks, that clearly show quadrupedal locomotion, prove that at least some pterosaurs moved in this way on the ground.The debate surrounding the terrestrial locomotion of pterosaurs can be broken down into many categories and subdivisions. Its clearly that one form of locomotion, whether it be bipedal, quadrupedal, plantigrade, digitigrade, erect, semi-erect, or any other distinction, cannot be used to localize every single pterosaur that ever existed. This is similar to the idea that one form of locomotion cannot be used to describe every dinosaur that ever existed. There is variation between species of pterosaurs.The larger pterosaurs seem to be generally more bird-like and more inclined to quadrupedal locomotion. The Pteranodon, specifically, almost definitely was a biped. Its wing structure was the most similar to that of a bird (Padian, 1983), and its two hind limbs were more than sufficient for bothing locomotion and launching off from the ground i n order to initiate flight.Smaller pterosaurs, on the other hand seem to be more similar in locomotive method to the general perception of how pterosaurs moved, in a kind of quadrupedal crawl. The tracks found at Pterosaur Beach, and if actually created by a pterosaur, those of Pteraichnus saltwashensis, prove that at least some smaller pterosaurs were quadrupedal.In conclusion, any attempt to define the entire order of Pterosauria as quadrupedal or bipedal is an exercise in futility. The larger pterosaurs, such as Pteranodon, were bipedal, which is unembellished based on their wing and leg structures. They would have been unable to move their forelimbs into a position that would allow them to place them on the ground and the mobility of their hind limbs allowed only for bipedal locomotion. Smaller pterosaurs, such as Pteraichnus stokes, were definitely quadrupedal in terms of locomotion since there have been numerous tracks found confirming this idea. whole caboodle CitedBennett, S. (1990). A Pterodactyloid Pterosaur Pelvis from the Santana Formation of Brazil Implications for Terrestrial Locomotion. Journal of craniate Paleontology, 10(1), 80-85. Retrieved from http//www.jstor.org/stable/4523298Bennett, S. (1997). Terrestrial Locomotion of Pterosaurs A Reconstruction Base on Pteraichnus Trackways. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 17(1), 104-113. Retrieved from http//www.jstor.org/stable/4523790Mazin, J., Billon-Bruyat, J., Padian, K. (2009). First Record of a Pterosaur Landing Trackway. Proceedings Biological Sciences, 276(1674), 3881-3886. Retrieved from http//www.jstor.org/stable/30245351Padian, K. (1983). A Functional Analysis of Flying and Walking in Pterosaurs. Paleobiology, 9(3), 218-239. Retrieved from http//www.jstor.org/stable/2400656Padian, K., Olsen, P. (1984). The Fossil Trackway Pteraichnus Not Pterosaurian, but Crocodilian. Journal of Paleontology, 58(1), 178-184. Retrieved from http//www.jstor.org/stable/1304743Snchez-Hernndez, B., Przew ieslik, A., Benton, M. (2009). A Reassessment of the Pteraichnus Ichnospecies from the Early Cretaceous of Soria Province, Spain. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 29(2), 487-497. Retrieved from http//www.jstor.org/stable/20627057Wm. Lee Stokes. (1957). Pterodactyl Tracks from the Morrison Formation. Journal of Paleontology, 31(5), 952-954. Retrieved from http//www.jstor.org/stable/1 three hundred563Drug Abuse in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Research ProposalDrug Abuse in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Research Proposal stress STUDYDrug handle is a cause of concern to all nations around the world either in developing countries and undeveloped countries and in both cases the most pretended are the young person,. Due to the rapid increase in medication related crime and medicate abusers in Asian countries, the establishment of sound countermeasures for demand and supply reduction are a pressing issue. And if they are all left out to be addicted to dangerous narcotics, it can lead to all social ills like road accidents, high crime rates, unplanned pregnancies, school dropouts and many more which may result in fracturing the example part of the plain and eventually the nation will be without prominent future leaders. The abuse of medicines has an adverse impact, not only on the individual(a) abuser, but also on the economy and confederation of a country as a whole.According to Scorzelli JF, (2009) despite the heavy penalisation of death imposed by the Malayan government for whoever is caught in dose possession, within the last five years, the Malaysian drug abuse puzzle has escalated. This has led to the increase in social ills like HIV/acquired immune deficiency syndrome which is contracted by the use of IV-Heroin. He continued to state that 93.7% of people caught in drug possession are male patriarchal between 20-29 years of age. This clearly shows that our youth are in dire consume of thorough drug and peer education.The National Anti-Drug Agency has b een on track to get rid of the drug problem in Malaysia by 2015. When interviewed by the New Straits Times (2010, February) the director-general Datuk Abdul Bakir Zin has pointed out that they have helped out around the country to bring addicts to their rehabilitation centre. He has said that the centre spends around RM 300 million which is their annual budget which is nearly spent on prevention, treatment, rehabilitation of addicts and enforcement operations. Addicts are kept for two years and they are released but some of them go back to their bad habits.STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMDrug abuse has led to an dreadful increase of social ills in the society like HIV/AIDS condensing , road accidents and many more which have resulted in the collapse of the moral fibre of the nation. The medical and psychological effects are very obvious. Addicts cannot function as normal members of society. They neglect or abuse their families, and eventually require overpriced treatment or hospitalizati on. Huge police resources are needed to fight smuggling and dealing. Criminal gangs and mafia underworlds develop with the money from drugs. However the main rear end should be the user. Families and counsellors need to talk to children and people at risk. The fact that the youth is the most affect especially in Malaysia poses a great concern because the youth are the future leaders of tomorrow.OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDYThe specific study of the study is to find ways and methods to educate the people of Malaysia especially the youth about the dangers posed by the abuse of drugs. This initiative itself can lead to positive results such as reduced number of drug abusers therefore leading to a low numbers of social ills such as HIV contractions and crime. There should be a diversion programme for drug abusers which can be institutional or community based.RESEARCH QUESTIONSTo justify this study, the researcher will investigate the following mattersHow many cases of illicit drugs were reg istered from 2006 to 2011 in MalaysiaHow individuals are affected psychologically, physically and economically by the abuse of drugsDoes the government play a role in reducing the problem of drug abuse?SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDYGenerally the study of drug abuse phenomenon that is widely occurring in Malaysia will be an endeavour in promoting a much healthy lifestyle that is a drug - dissolve society. Drug-free society means a lot to a country of about 28,310,000 people. It means less crime such as road accidents, thefts and murders, less HIV AIDS positive, less people in the narcotics rehabilitations centre and more manpower in order to bring Malaysia towards becoming a fully developed country. By apprehension the main source of the problems, we can all move together to cure as well as to prevent further advance of this spreading disease in our community.The Malaysian psychiatric association (July 6 2006) has cited that when pregnant women abuse drugs there may be foetal abnormalities especially when the pregnancy is early. These deformities may cause the mother to dump the baby, a crime which is currently on the rise in Malaysia. If the drug was used late in the pregnancy may become dependent on opiates, and may later show withdrawal symptoms after delivery.The United Nations Aids (2010) on their report have pointed out that an estimated 170,000 injecting drug users (IDUs). In those users most of them share the needles therefore there is increased spread of the diseases such as HIV/AIDS because likely they do not sterilise such needles.Moreover, this study will reveal most of things behind these drug abuse cases, therefore will significantly boost the awareness of the community about the cases of drug abuse in this country simultaneously contribute in reducing such cases in community.SCOPE OF THE REPORTWe undertook the task of reviewing all studies describing the impact of drug abuse at Kuala Lumpur. The population of interest includes stroke drug users, and n on-injection drug users of heroin, cocaine and marijuana, because these groups of individuals have been identified as having a biological risk of vulnerability to addictive drug use, including deadly exposure (via injection drug use) to blood-borne via sharing of straws or pipes used to administer drugs (non-injection drug use). Data from questionnaires are analyzed separately, as they different substantially form interview data, and because their drug-related risk factors are quite different and not elaborated further.Another stopping point is to examine the influence of study methodology on study findings, particularly because the descriptive data may be strongly influenced by sampling methods, and because study design may affect associations between various characteristics and drug use. Since the brand data accretion was carried out using information lay in from various associations, access to each data was meter consuming. We also do not have any compiled data of approved u nregistered drug users making the task very complicated. Such database may be hard to acquire as most drug users choose to stay in the dark as they know there is a capital punishment for such a crime.OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONDrugs A medicine or other ticker which has a physiological effect when ingested or otherwise introduced into the bodyAbuse To use something to bad effect or for a bad purposeAddict A person who is addicted to a particular substanceRehabilitation Restore to former privilegesCHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW2.0 IntroductionIn the literature review we compare and contrast studies done by other people and we note how different they are from ours. We have read journals, books and articles in Science Direct. In this chapter we are able to expand our knowledge on how other writers view the issue at hand. We have displayed various ways of the data we found, either by citing using the APA format, images and tables.2.1 Literature ReviewBy the year 1983, the problem of drugs w as declared a national emergency by the Malaysian government. Everyone convicted of trafficking and those caught with the drugs depending on the amount of drugs they had in their possession were sentenced to death, those were some of the ways the government was trying to pass the problem but if someone was convicted of only for possession of drugs he/she was put in a rehabilitation centre for 2 years. Once realised from the centre, the individual has one year of probation were he or she has two urine tests a month.Drug, taken from Cambridge Dictionaries Online, falls into two categories which are medicine and criminal substance. In the medicine category, the word drug means any natural or artificially made chemical which is used as a medicine while in the category of illegal substance, drug means any natural or artificially made chemical which is taken for pleasure, to improve someones performance of an activity, or because a person cannot stop using it. The latter meanings actuall y portraying the main interest in this study which is the action of drug abuse, which by the same source, abuse means to use or treat someone or something wrongly or badly, especially in a way that is to your own advantage.This unhealthy phenomenon is actually a worldwide crisis and can bring along a great impact in ones life, consequently a community, and then will affect the process of a country. Some said that this crisis is the same age as humankind. It is in our nature that we like to consume things that bring us pleasure and being in the state of euphoria. However, we must first consider the side effects of the consumption of such substances. There was enormous number of researches that had been carried out in order to overthrow or banish this crisis all over the world. There are ups and downs for the trends of the drug abuse cases but it had never been ceased completely.Kuala Lumpur as a busy place, most of the inhabitants need drugs to cope with the fast life. These drugs can be addictive substances such as heroine, alcohol, and ecstasy pills. The research by the Malaysian Psychiatric Association (2006), showed that the brain is affected by the consumed drugs. The left part of the brain is affected is called the reward pathway. Continued use of drugs short-circuits the reward pathway and that how addiction starts. The brain will then need more and more large quantities of the substance taken over time. The brain chemistry is altered at this point, therefore behavioural patterns starts here.Drugs like cocaine can lead to permanent damage, death and even addition. From the article adapted from RECOVERY NOW website on cocaine effects, it is stated that there are two different categories of cocaine effect. These effects are said to be long termed and short termed .Regardless of how many times a person uses cocaine even once heshe beats short-run cocaine effects which includes increased blood pressure, mental alertness, increased heart rate, decreased a ppetite and increased body temperature .The long term effects have the appearance _or_ semblance after increased periods of use. Long term effects include irritability, mood disturbances and restlessness.Marijuana is also one of the most commonly abused drug and according to the American Council For Drug Education they describe it as a mild hallucinogen with some alcohols depressant which results in bronchitis, emphysema and bronchial asthma. They also continue to stress that marijuana leads to reduction of learning ability which is one of the reasons why most students who smoke marijuana end up performing badly at school as it limits the capability to absorb information as it is highly addictive.In an addiction state a person engages in a supreme behaviour, even when face with challenging life situations. Taking a look at the fast life in Kuala Lumpur a lot of challenges are faced by the youth there, these include unemployment, loss of a loved one or poverty. These situations ca n cause you to excessively use drugs to suppress such break felt within.The National Anti-Drug Agency (New Straits 12 February 2010) has used over RM 300 million annually to prevent, treat, and rehabilitate addicts. They are trying to achieve the goal for a drug-free Malaysia in 2015 and drug-free Malaysian schools in 2012. The director of the agency Datuk Abdul Bakir Zin has mentioned that there is an alarming rate of drug abusers on the increase. The agency successfully rehabilitated 11 395 addicts in 2009 but only 51% of the addicts are clean now. That shows that the drug addicts do not have enough out of rehab education.B.Vicknasigngam, M.Mazlan, K.S Schotchfield , M.C Chawaski(2009),stated that heroin and injection drug are the major public health risk cases put down in Malaysia. Furthermore they continue to state from their findings, between the year 1998 and 2006 individuals close to 300 000 individuals were registered as persistent drug abusers in Malaysia. In between the years 1998-2006 heroin was the main primary drug abused around 62.6% of those were registered. And this caused a main concern for the Malaysian government as it lead to increase in social ills like road accidents and also the rise in HIV contraction as the drug abusers shared the same needle hence the spread of the virus was induced.Despite the Malaysian strict law on use of illegal drugs people still continue to use the illegal drugs and have even gone to an extent of making it into a business to finance their lifestyle. The law clearly states that any person found in possession of at least 15 grams of heroin, 200 grams of cannabis is presumed. The National Drug Agency, Malaysia in 2006 around 22,811 drugs users was recorded and 12,430 of whom were repeat offenders. They also stress that the total number of drug users recorded for the period of 1998-2006 is 300,241 people which constitutes to 1.1% of the Malaysians population.CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY3.1 IntroductionThe introduction hi ghlights the data collection methods which were used to gather information which enabled us to reach our conclusion. One of the vital aspects we looked into was the validity and reliability of the data collection methods that we decided to use.In our research we found that the ideal data collection methods that we can use are the questionnaire and interview for analysisQuestionnaires are very cost effective when compared to face-to-face interviews. This is especially sure for studies involving large sample sizes and large geographic areas. Written questionnaires become even more cost effective as the number of research questions increases. Questionnaires are sonant to analyze. Data entry and tabulation for nearly all surveys can be easily done with many computer software packages. Nearly everyone has had some experience completing questionnaires and they generally do not make people apprehensive and they reduce bias. The researchers own opinions will not influence the respondent t o answer questions in a certain manner. There are no verbal or visual clues to influence the respondent. When a respondent receives a questionnaire in the mail, he is free to complete the questionnaire on his own time-table. Unlike other research methods, the respondent is not interrupted by the research instrument.Some of the reasons why questionnaires are widely used as data collection method in reports and projects in the fact that the responses are gathered in a standardised way so questions are more objective, certainly more so than interviews, generally it is relatively quick to collect information using questionnaires and information can be collected from a large portion of a group.For our research a questionnaire, written both in English and Malay consisting of A3 size pages was sent to different agencies/organizations which were pass to answer it. The main contents of the questionnaire includedPrevention of drug abuseOutline organizations handling drug abuse problemInstitu tional treatment programmes for drug abusersOutline drug control lawsInterviews are also one of the most convenient ways of data collection for reports projects and investigations as they provide first hand information from the correspondent. The interview is also flexible in the since that follow up questions can be asked, also clarity of the question can be made if the respondent does not understand. Even though it has overwhelming advantages one of its major problems maybe that the correspondent may feel like shy to give out information and in that case the interviewer can solve the problem by assuring the correspondent that whatever he/she is being interviewed for will be considered hugger-mugger at all costs. For our research, interviews were conducted with the relevant agencies/organizations. Firstly we set an appointment with them and informing them of our objectives.

Is Neo-Liberalism closer to Neo-Realism than it is to traditional Pluralism?

Is Neo-Liberalism closer to Neo-Realism than it is to traditional Pluralism?Is Neo-Liberalism closer to Neo-Realism than it is to traditional Pluralism?The paradigm of pluralism originated during the 1970s by writers much(prenominal) as Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye, as they sought to establish an alternative to traditional realism. Through works much(prenominal) as, Transnational Relations and humanness government activity, and, Power and Interdependence, Keohane and Nye explained their concepts of multinationalism, multiple regain channels and complex mutualness which expanded theoretical pluralism. Their analyses, which studies in these books conclude that through studying foreign policy, decision-making showed that the premise of the unitary character of the order had without delay manufacture untenable. In 1979, Kenneth Waltz, a neo-realist, introduced a new approach, through his book, Theory of International government activity, which looked at transnationalistic re lations in a more geomorphological and methodological post, while keeping to the same state-centric ascertain of traditional realists such as Hans Morgenthau. Neo- informalism being the most modern of the three paradigms, established in the 1980s, takes come upon concepts from two(prenominal) pluralism and neo-realism but goes supercharge and incorporates the ability of cooperation occurring in an outlaw(a) international placement.In order to assess whether neo-liberalism is closer to neo-realism than it is to traditional pluralism, it is firstly important to narrow down the three paradigms, consider the important elements of neo-liberalism and to analyse the similarities and differences it has to the other two paradigms. It is also important to examine the arguments for and against the nonion of neo-liberalism being closer to neo-realism, which would help to gauge to what finis neo-liberalism is closer to neo-realism.During the 1960s and 1970s, changes to the world struc ture started occurring as the role of non-state actors, for example the European Economic Community and multinational companies, had greater signifi sack upce. In, Transnational Relations and World Politics, Keohane and Nye argue that a definition of politics in terms of state behavior al peerless may lead us to ignore important non-governmental actors that allot view. It is clear that from a pluralistic view, states as well as non-state actors all contribute to world politics and it is this fundamental assumption, which clearly challenges and distinguishes itself from realism. Furthermore, states are not seen as the single most important actors in international politics, as they often can not regulate all other cross-border transactions. Nye argues, A good deliberate of intersocietal intercourse takes place without governmental controlstates are by no means the lonesome(prenominal) actors in world politics. This emphasises the pluralist theory that states do not act in a unitar y fashion, rather the state is fragmented and, composed of competing individuals, interest groups and bureaucracies, which shape state policy. Transnational co-operation was needed to respond to common problems and co-operation in one sector would inevitably lead to co-operation in other sectors and as a result, the effects of transnational relations are becoming more important and pervasive.In the 1970s, the liberal pluralists highlighted the understanding of non-state actors, undermining the state-centric world of realism. Keohane and Nye claimed that world politics was no extensiveer the exclusive preserve of states and that, the growth of transnational organizations has lead to the state-centric paradigm becoming progressively inadequate, therefore a new theory called complex interdependence was introduced to run as an alternative to realism. This theory has three rudimentary assumptions the first was introduced, being that the state is not a unitary actor but there are multi ple channels of access surrounded by societies. In, Power and Interdependence, Keohane and Nye argue that these channels include, sluttish ties between governmental elites informal ties among non-governmental elites and transnational elites and transnational organizations. The second feature of the theory is that though military force is an important let go from a pluralistic perspective it does not dominate the agenda. The paradigm allows for a multiple of issues to arise in international relations compared to the neo-realist concept, where it emphasises the military and certificate issues which dominate international politics. Pluralists piss a low salience of force and believe that actors have contrastive influences on different issue scopes. Therefore pluralists argue that military power is not the only factor indicating how powerful a state is. The final assumption considers the fact that there is no hierarchy of issues therefore any issue area might be at the top of the international agenda at any one time. This emphasises the second assumption of complex interdependence that, military security does not consistently dominate the agenda, furthermore, with the complicated interactions between various sub-state actors, the boundary between domestic and foreign politics becomes obscure, such that traditionally low policy-making issues, for example the environment and the economy take greater significance in the domain of international politics.The neo-realist reply to the pluralist challenges came in the form of a structuralist theory which regarded international systems to be either hierarchical or outlaw(a)al in nature. The distinction between hierarchical and anarchical is crucial to Waltz, who argued that the present international system was anarchical in nature and the pluralist challenge had failed to provide sufficient grounds to suggest that the system had changed fundamentally therefore underlying the reality of the system remained in tact. N eo-realism deems the anarchic system has led to a self help system which lacks authority. He says, each unit seeks its own good the result of a number of units at the same time doing so transcends the motives and aims of the separate units. Therefore, states are only able to survive if they increase their military capabilities, which will enhance their security. This is directly criticised by pluralists as they argue that liberal democracies are more pacifist and the fact that more states are becoming liberal democracies, shows the potential for changing the structure of the international system, and they claim that, when complex interdependence prevails military force is not used.However, in his critique of transnational and other pluralist efforts, Waltz raises an important idea. He defies the challenge of the state-centric paradigm by saying that students of transnational phenomena have developed no distinct theory of their subject matter or of international politics in general. Keohane argues this critique by pointing out that for concepts such as transnational relations to be valuable a general theory of world politics is needed. Neo-realism contains analogies from economics, especially the theory of markets and the firm where the market is a structure and exists independent of the wishes of the buyers and sellers who nonetheless create it by their actions. Waltz states, international political systems, like economics markets, are formed by the co-action of self-regarding units. This overall perspective draws its central ethos from the discipline of economics and rational cream assumptions.However, even pluralists like Keohane soon leaseed the neo-realist concepts of the international system being anarchic in nature and states as the principle actors in it. Therefore, he repositioned himself to neo-liberalism, moving away from his previous pluralistic concerns of interdependence and transnational relations. The debate between the two came to be cognis e as the neo-neo debate since there appeared to be a convergence between the two positions. The foundation of neo-liberalism is that states need to develop strategies and forums for co-operation over a whole clip of new issues and areas and this has been facilitated by the fact that regimes, treaties and institutions have multiplied over the past two to three decades. Thus the pluralists of the 1970s such as Keohane and Nye have become the neo-liberals of today and in the process have become quite close to the neo-realists.Neo-liberalisms acceptance of anarchic principles, states becoming the principal actors and the adherence to the importance of rational choice further highlights the close intellectual position with neo-realists. Nevertheless, despite this neo-liberals are trying to distinguish themselves from neo-realists when including the notion of co-operation. Neo-liberals have concerned themselves with analysing the extent of co-operation possible under conditions of revol t and the conclusions that the two sides reach are radically different. Neo-realists claim that under anarchy, conflict and the struggle for power are enduring characteristics of international politics, and that because of this, co-operation between states is at vanquish precarious and at worst non-existent. Neo-liberals agree that achieving co-operation is difficult in international relations but disagree with neo-realists pessimism of it not being able to occur efficaciously in an anarchical system. In Keohanes book, by and by Hegemony, he claims that, Cooperation requires that the actions of separate individuals or organizations be brought into conformity with one another through a process of negotiation. Neo-liberalism goes further and claims that co-operation could be increased through establishment of international regimes and the exchange of information. They see regimes as the mediator and the means to achieve cooperation in the international system. According to neo-libe rals, institutions can exert casual force on international relations, shaping state preference and locking states into cooperative arrangements.However, neo-realists doubt that international regimes have the ability to do this efficiently, if not at all. Their pessimistic view of international relations put forward the argument that states must stress security to promote their own survival. The neo-liberal view is that though there is an anarchic system in place institutions have the ability to, encourage multilateralism and cooperation as a means of securing national interests. However, they do fink that cooperation may be difficult to achieve in areas where leaders perceive to have no mutual interests. Thus, there is a difference of opinion between neo-liberals and neo-realists on the notion of international regimes. The former believes that regimes can only persist so long as states have mutual interests, while the latter argues that only with a hegemon in place, can a regime wo rk effectively.Despite their differences over the question of co-operation in the international system, both neo-realism and neo-liberalism are rationalist theories both are constructed upon assumptions held in micro-economic theory that the main units in the international system, states, are assumed to be self-interested and rational and act in a unitary fashion. Neo-liberals accept the basic neo-realist assumptions of international anarchy and the rational egoism of states. However, their aim is to show that to an extent rational actors can co-operate even when anarchy in the system prevails. The issue of gains is a key difference in this debate as neo-liberals assume that states focus primarily on their individual absolute gains and are indifferent to the gains of others. Whether co-operation results in a relative gain or loss is not very important to a state as far as neo-liberalism is concerned, so long as it produces an absolute gain. In contrast, neo-realists, such as Waltz, argue that states are concerned with relative gains, rather than absolute gains and a states utility is at least(prenominal) partly a function of some relative measure such as power. Furthermore, the acceptance of states being rational actors allows the enactment of game theory, thus allowing the behaviour of states to be foreseen, aiding the scientific rigour of neo-liberalism.It is arguable therefore, that neo-liberalism is a doctrine that is close to both neo-realism and traditional pluralism. It is the most contemporary of the paradigms and thus has been able to take key concepts from both neo-realism and traditional pluralism to produce a new theory of international relations. However, pluralism still has strong similarities with neo-liberalism in that they both agree on the concept of different issues areas that are not necessarily military based, such as economic welfare, whereas neo-realists concentrate on military issues which they identify as being high on the political a genda. Therefore, there are no hierarchical issue areas in contrast to neo-realism where military and the struggle for power is at the top of the agenda. Furthermore both paradigms show optimism on the concept of cooperation occurring in international politics. However, it is arguable that neo-liberals have abandoned the pluralist thought of the state not being the principal actors in international relations. Here, neo-liberals have concurred with the neo-realist state-centric view with states being described as rational actors. To a greater extent, it is the key concept for the ability of cooperation to occur in an anarchical system which distinguishes neo-liberalism from the other two paradigms, especially neo-realism, whereby cooperation can be mitigated through the establishment of international regimes and institutions. The differences on cooperation are clearly evident between neo-liberalism and neo-realism as the latter paradigm is pessimistic, in arguing that under anarchy c ooperation would be very difficult to achieve. This emphasises the autonomous nature of neo-liberalism and it now becoming the main contest to the traditional realist paradigm.BIBLIOGRAPHYBurchill, Scott Theories of International Relations(BasingstokePalgrave Macmillan,2005) pp.64-70Kauppi, Mark and Viotti, Paul International Relations Theory Realism, Pluralism, Globalism, and Beyond(Boston London Allyn and Bacon, 1999) pp.199-204Keohane, Robert O. After hegemony cooperation and discord in the world political economy(Princeton, NJ Princeton University Press, 2005) pp.51-63Keohane, Robert O. The Demand for International Regimes in Krasner, Stephen International Regimes(IthacaLondonCornell University Press, 1983) pp.Keohane, Robert O. and Nye, Joseph S. Transnational relations and World Politics(Cambridge Harvard University Press, 1973) pp. ix-xxixKeohane, Robert O., Institutional Theory and the Realist Challenge After the Cold War in Baldwin, David Neorealism and Neoliberalis m The Contemporary Debate(New York Columbia University Press, 1993) pp. 269-300Keohane, Robert O. and Nye, Joseph S. Power and Interdependence(New York London Longman, 2001) pp. 19-27Lamy, Stephen Contemporary Mainstream Approaches Neo-Realism and Neo-Liberalism in Baylis, John and Smith, Steve (eds.) The Globalization of World Politics An Introduction to International Relations(Oxford Oxford University Press, 2005) p.207-218Little, Richard, International Regimes in Baylis, John and Smith, Steve (eds.) The Globalization of World Politics An Introduction to International Relations(Oxford Oxford University Press, 2005) pp. 370-380Waltz, Kenneth Theory of International Politics(Boston McGraw-Hill, 1979) pp.51-95

Applying Theory To Practice Problem Nursing Essay

Applying Theory To Practice Problem Nursing EssayThis paper focuses on use of Betty Neuman systems Model in make out using a case study. The model focuses to finding a solution for a patient is no(prenominal) compliance with his address at home aft(prenominal) being discharged. This case is a case that involves a patent who is discharged from hospital after treatment for a cognitive heart failure. The patient none compliance involves the continuing with the habit of smoking. This habit results chest pains which are because of the smoking habits. This model is selected for the practice to reflect the congruency that exists between the practitioners values and the assumptions of the model.The Neuman model perceive clients as being in a state of dynamic equilibrium with the environment. The environment is withal considered a perceptual field that surrounds each person. Neumann has center on the stress situationors and the reaction of each person to the condition that bring abo ut the stress. She brought forth the conviction that stress factors comprise the environment. The further argued that the disequilibrium in the torso system that is caused the stress as a tension. This tension act as the stimuli, which has the potential of causing the illness to the individual that, is suffering from the stress.The environment is subdivided into two components that implicate the internal and external factor. The internal factors comprises of the forces that occur within an individual or intrapersonal stress factor. In our case, the example is smoking which the patient is involved in after being discharged. The external environment consists of interpersonal stress factors that result from interaction with other individuals. This is in legal injury of changes in the roles that can bring about stress to an individual.The physiological issues in patient spot involve things like the ability to see, hear, and have mobility. thither other things like the ability to br eath, sleeping, feeling, eating, speaking, and the vital signs. This variable focuses on the physiological well being of the patient. By ensuring, that all this things are in appropriate in the patient the health can be guaranteed the guidance for them.The psychological variables involve the non-verbal behavior, attitudes, coping pattern, and response to stress. These things focus on the psychological status of the patient. Therefore, by ensuring that the patient psychological status is appropriate one can be able to facilitate the things that ensure the well-being of the patient is considered. There are various expectations in this variable that are recognized through evaluation of the patients behaviors and the personal manner the patient handle stress.The social variable reflects much on the individuals values and culture. This is by exploring the social and cultural functions of the individual. This can be mainly approached in terms of the way this functionality influences the life of the individual. There are certain cultural believes that affect the life of a given individual negatively in terms of undergoing the medication. This is by getting involved in things that affect their well-being after the discharge form hospital.The other dimension is the developmental variable, which focuses on the process of life in an individual. This is in terms of the factors that are related to the present situation and they have an influence on the situation. The developmental dimensions in the human life make them to relocation from one stage in life to the other as time goes by. Therefore, the main objective of this variable is to determine how this change of development is affecting the grouchy patient in the problem.The other variable, which is considered significant in the life of a patient, is the spiritual variable. This focuses on the aspect of spirituality on a continuum from entire sensation of an individual. The patient may also be in a condition of den ial to a consciously developed high level of spiritual understanding. There is a lot of usefulness to understand the spiritual well being of the patient since it can also contribute to the provision of quality health care services that will be beneficial to them.There is a way that a client perceives a stressor. In our case, the patient is concern about the fact that he had experienced the chest pain. This problem interfered with the way he undertook his daily activities before he was hospitalized. The patient can even find it hard to do all he wanted to do. This experience with a health problem is difficult to describe how he is planning to deal with other situation. His expectations are to concur on with his daily routine after being discharged from the hospital and recovering. It would be definitely be a source of stress if he does non manage to accomplish what he intend to after the experience with the illness.There is also a way in which a nurse perceives the stressors which is different from the perspective of the patient. The perception is through assessment of the patient by the nurse concerning the problem he is experiencing. According to the nurse perspective, the patient is not able to alter the way of living after the hospitalization. This becomes the reason why the patient is still suffering from the chest pains. It is evident that is the patient is continuing with the initial habit of smoking he is still bound to continue experiencing the pains in the chest. This is despite the fact that the individual have never coped with the same problem in the past. Therefore, the nurse perceives the stressor as being the behaviors that the patient gets involved in after the discharge from the hospital.There are short-term goals that the nurses focus on achieving in order for them to ensure that the patient has received quality health care. One of these goals is for the patient to stop suffering from this chest pains. The other goal is to make the patient t o learn to live in a way that will facilitate his recovery. The next goal is to facilitate the increase of the tolerance of the patient to his daily activity. There are also some(prenominal) long-term goals that the nurses are focused on achieving in terms of treating the patient. These long-term goals entail the creation of an optimal degree of harmony and balanced between his external and internal environment. This is in terms seizing smoking habit, attaining the deal weight and development of a lifestyle which commensurate with a satisfying and fulfilling retirement.The nurses are also bound to prevent the invasion of stressors by providing the resources that strengthen the patients system and coping with positive functioning. This is though motivating the patient and using stress as a positive intervention strategy. The nurses can also engage in mobilizing the patients internal and external resources focusing on the achieving stableness. They can also seek to maintain the stabi lity through educating and reorienting the patients system as required.Conclusively, this model is considered to provide a reliable guide of different levels of nursing education. The models have managed to incorporate all the significant variables that alter the patient to improve in their conditions. The model lastly focuses on the way the patient can be encouraged to be involved in a good lifestyle.

A Day in the Life of a Teacher Essay -- Papers

A Day in the Life of a Teacher I hear the sound of my alarm measure at 630am. Time to cast up I wish it was Saturday, no school No, Im not a child, nor a student, but a instructor You dont think we enjoy everyday at work, do you? No. Thats rubbish. Let me continue with my story of a day in the life of a teacher.. As I force myself out of bed, a chilling thought comes over me. Its Wednesday. This means I still relieve oneself three whole days to get through until the weekend. Better get a move on if I want to make it on time. First, I take a shower. I do this every morning to liven myself up and to prepare for the day ahead of me. Today first up we have a whole school assembly. Thats unitary reason why I dont like Wednesdays. The other few reasons I particularly dont like the day Wednesday is that I have recess yard certificate of indebtedness and in the afternoon is the paper parade. I step out of the shower, thinking such thoughts of what has been happening in the last few days and what I have to do today. I get dressed and go out to have breakfast. Mmm, I like breakfast, my last chance in the morning to relax and not think about work, but it eventually creeps into my head anyway. Once I am finished I remember and organize, well I audition to remember and organize everything that I will need. Which is a lot. When I arrive at school, about 10 to 8 I park, load up my halt and walk to the scarecrow office. In the staff room I have a social chat to the other teachers, we talk about assembly, make our cocoa or tea and get ready to leave. With a mug in one hand, handbag and everything else in the other, we back onto the staff door and out the front office. You can... ...up to the office. I have no time and energy to deal with them. I have a rather small class now so I actually have a nice afternoon watching the kids and marking work. I ask them to pack up and that takes a while but I think the k ids dont mind because its always fun to do art. Even cleaning up The last bell goes and I sigh a breath of relief. Its a busy day for a teacher and the afternoon has just begun. After the students leave I then go ahead and work for another minute of arc or so typing and planning for the next day, I get so much more work done when the students are all gone. When I feel Ive done enough I go home and spend the rest of my day doing ordinary things, like crafts, or watching TV or grocery shopping. I love what I do because Im interacting with people all day and children can be wonderful sometimes

The Nature and Variety of Late Classical and Early Hellenistic Greek St

13. Megalopolitans The people from Megalopolis in Arcadia in the western Peloponnese. It was in the Achaean League during the duration being described. It would select been considered a Polis and as such would not have been seen as just a single entity or brain, rather The Greeks saw the relationship between the somebody and the state as organic (Green, 1993). The nature and variety of late classical and early Hellenistic Greek states were unique. Not one appeared to be the same as any other. One system favoured democracy (Athens), another may favour a diarchy (Sparta) and others may be led by a tyrant. yet A polis at this time did not just have to be a big city. A small village on a mountainside could be considered as a polis because it was led by a body of citizens. Poleis arguably started to decline during the Hellenistic period when they relied more and more on benefactors who would loan wealth to a city in exchange for political power. A polis in Ancient Greek times would hav e meant more than just a city, rather it would be a territory, and a state which is why a polis can be described as a city-state. Aetolians The Aetolians are from the area of Aetolia which is a mountainous region north of Corinth in central Greece. It was the base of the Aetolian League which was created to rival Macedonia and the Achaean League. By the 340s it was the leading power in Greece in which Green explains The Aetolians now controlled most of central Greece (Green, 2007). Polybios is heavily anti-Aetolian in his writing, perhaps because Polybios himself was from Megalopolis which was part of the Achaean League, or that he based most of his work for this time (220s) on Aratus of Sicyons memoirs. His father was also a leading... ...Works CitedGreen, P. 2007. The Hellenistic Age. New York.Hansen, M. H. 2006. Polis An Introduction to the Greek City-State. Oxford.Hansen, M. H. 1998. Polis and City-state An Ancient Concept and its Modern Equivalent. Copenhagen Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab/Munksgaard.Larsen, J. A. O. 1968. Greek Federal States Their Institutions and History. Oxford Clarendon Press.Paton, W. R. ed. 1922-7. Polybius, Histories. (Loeb authorized Library, 128, 137-8, and 159-61.) Cambridge, Mass. Harvard University Press.Shipley, G. 2000. The Greek World after Alexander 323-30 BC. London-New York Routledge.Fine, J. V. A. The Background of the Social War of 220-217B.C. The American Jounal of Philology, Vol 61, No 2. (1940) pp. 129-165.Samuel, A. E. The Ptolemies and the Ideology of Kingship, in Hellenistic History and Culture, Ed. Green, P. 1993.